Editing Pavia (section)

===Lombard capital===
Under Lombard rule many monasteries, nunneries, and churches were built at Pavia by the devout Christian Lombard monarchs. Even though the first Lombard kings were [[Arianism|Arian]] Christians, sources from the period such as [[Paul the Deacon]] have recorded that the Arian Lombards were very tolerant of their Catholic subjects' faith and that up to the 690s Arian and Catholic cathedrals coexisted in Pavia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=188}}</ref> Lombard kings, queens, and nobles would engage in building churches, monasteries, and nunneries as a method to demonstrate their piety and their wealth by extravagantly decorating these structures which in many cases would become the site of that person's tomb, as in the case of [[Grimoald, King of the Lombards|Grimoald]] (r. 662–671) who built San Ambrogio in Pavia and buried there after his death in 671.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=100}}</ref> [[File:Cunip.jpg|left|thumb|Tombstones of King [[Cunipert]], [[Pavia Civic Museums|Civic Museums]]]] [[Aripert I]] had the [[basilica of Santissimo Salvatore]] built in 657, which became the [[mausoleum]] of the kings of the [[Bavarian dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/958478|title= The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital|work= Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past|access-date=29 July 2022|last1= Majocchi|first1= Piero}}</ref> [[Perctarit]] (r. 661–662, 672–688) and his son [[Cunipert|Cunicpert]] (r.679–700) built a nunnery and a church at Pavia during their reigns.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=xxv, 101}}</ref> Lombard churches were sometimes named after those who commissioned their construction, such as San Maria Theodota in Pavia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickham|title=Early Medieval Italy|pages=84}}</ref> The monastery of San Michele alla Pusterla located at Pavia was the royal monastery of the Lombard kings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=200}}</ref>
[[File:0311 - Pavia - S. Pietro - Facciata - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, Oct 17 2009.jpg|thumb|[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro|Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]]]]

[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro|church San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]] was commissioned by a Lombard king in Pavia, [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]] (r. 712–744)<ref>{{cite book |last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=xxv}}</ref> and it would become the site of his tomb as well as two other Christian figures.{{sfnp|Dale|2001}} In building San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the unit of measurement used by the builders was the length of Liutprand's royal foot.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Leader|title=The Cathedral Builders The Story of a Great Masonic Guild |url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbuilde00scotgoog|year=1899 |publisher=S. Low, Marston and Company |location=London|pages=50}}</ref> The first important Christian figure interred at San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro was the previously mentioned philosopher Boethius, author of ''The Consolation of Philosophy'', who is located in the cathedral's crypt.{{sfnp|Dale|2001|p=43}} The third and largest tomb of the three located in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro contains the remains of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine of Hippo]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Arnaldi|title=Italy and Its Invaders|pages=39–40}}</ref> St. Augustine is the early fifth-century Christian writer from Roman North Africa whose works such as ''On Christian Doctrine'' revolutionized the way in which the Christian scripture is interpreted and understood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Geary |first=Patrick J.|title=Readings in Medieval History Vol. 1|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto|pages=28–45}}</ref> On October 1, 1695, artisans working in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro rediscovered St. Augustine's remains after lifting up some of the paving stones that compose the cathedral's floor.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weinstein |first=Donald|author-link=Donald Weinstein|title=Review of ''St. Augustine's Bones: A Microhistory'', by Harold Samuel Stone|journal=The American Historical Review|date=October 2003 |volume=108|issue=4|pages=1242–1243 |doi=10.1086/529942 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/108/4/1242/73511}}</ref> Liutprand was a very devout Christian and like many of the Lombard kings was zealous about collecting relics of saints.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnaldi|title=Italy and Its Invaders|pages=39}}</ref> Liutprand paid a great deal to have the relics removed from [[Cagliari]] and brought to Pavia so that they would be out of the reach and safe from the Saracens on [[Sardinia]] where St. Augustine's remains had been resting.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arnaldi |title=Italy and Its Invaders|pages=39–40}}</ref> Very little of Liutprand's original church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro consecrated by Pope Zacharias in 743 remains today.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|title=The Cathedral Builders|pages=50}}</ref> Originally the roof of its apse was decorated with mosaics, making San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the first instance of mosaics being used to decorate a Lombard church.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|title=The Cathedral Builders|pages=50}}</ref> It is now a modern church with the only significant link to its antiquity being its round apse.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott|title=The Cathedral Builders|pages=50}}</ref> The Lombards built their churches in a very Romanesque style, with the best example of Lombard churches from the period of Lombardic rule being the [[San Michele Maggiore, Pavia|Basilica of San Michele]] still intact at Pavia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|title=The Cathedral Builders |pages=50–51}}</ref>
[[File:Interno della cripta.jpg|left|thumb|[[Crypt of Sant'Eusebio]]]]
As the kingdom's capital, Pavia in the late seventh century also became one of the central locations of the Lombards' efforts to mint their own coinage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=142}}</ref> The bust of the Lombard king would have been etched on the coins as a symbolic gesture so that those who used the coins, mostly Lombard nobles, would understand that king had the ultimate power and control of wealth in the Kingdom of Pavia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=142}}</ref> The role of the capital implies the residence of the royal court, the presence of the central administrative structure of the kingdom, and the city's pre-eminence over the other urban centres in the military organization of the seasonal wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/958478|title= The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital|work= Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past|access-date=29 July 2022|last1= Majocchi|first1= Piero}}</ref> The city of Pavia played a key role in the war between the Lombard Kingdom of Pavia and the Franks led by Charlemagne. In 773, Charlemagne king of the Franks declared war and invaded across the Alps into northern Italy defeating the Lombard army commanded by king [[Desiderius]] (r. 757–774).<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickham|title=Early Medieval Italy|pages=46–47}}</ref> Between the autumn of 773 and June of 774<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickham|title=Early Medieval Italy|pages=47}}</ref> Charlemagne laid [[Siege of Pavia (773–774)|siege to Pavia]] first and then Verona, capturing the seat of Lombard power and quickly crushing any resistance from the northern Lombard fortified cities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christie|title=The Lombards|pages=106}}</ref> Pavia had been the official capital of the Lombards since the 620s,<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickham|title=Early Medieval Italy|pages=38}}</ref> but it was also the place upon where the Lombard Kingdom in Italy ended. Upon entering Pavia in triumph, Charlemagne crowned himself king of the lands of the former Kingdom of Pavia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickham|title=Early Medieval Italy|pages=47}}</ref> The Lombard kingdom and its northern territories from then onwards were a sub-kingdom of the Frankish Empire, while the Lombard southern [[duchy of Benevento]] persisted for several centuries longer with relative independence and autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickham|title=Early Medieval Italy|pages=48–49}}</ref>

There is little information, but, again in the eighth century, a Jewish community was also present in Pavia: [[Alcuin|Alcuin of York]] recalls a religious disputation that took place in the city between 750 and 766 between the Jew Julius of Pavia and the Christian Peter of Pisa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/pavia |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pavia |url=https://www7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda/items/show/882 |website=7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda |publisher=Italia Judaica |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>