Editing Paul the Apostle (section)

=== Early life ===
[[File:Broad overview of geography relevant to paul of tarsus.png|thumb|upright=1|Geography relevant to Paul's life, stretching from [[Early centers of Christianity#Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] to [[Early centers of Christianity#Rome|Rome]]]]
The two main sources of information that give access to the earliest segments of Paul's career are the Acts of the Apostles and the autobiographical elements of Paul's letters to the early Christian communities.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=19–20}} Paul was likely born between the years of 5 BC and 5 AD.{{sfn|White|2007|pp=145–47}} The Acts of the Apostles indicates that Paul was a Roman citizen by birth, but [[Helmut Koester]] took issue with the evidence presented by the text.{{sfn|Koester|2000|p=107}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|16:37}},{{Bibleverse|Acts|22:25–29}}</ref> Some have suggested that Paul's ancestors may have been freedmen from among the thousands of Jews whom [[Pompey]] took as slaves [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|in 63 BC]], which would explain how he was born into [[Roman citizenship]], as slaves of Roman citizens gained citizenship upon emancipation.<ref>John B. Polhill, 532; cf. Richard R. Losch, ''The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible'' (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2005), 176–77.</ref>

He was from a devout Jewish family{{sfn|Wright|1974|p=404}} based in the city of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]], which had been made part of the [[Roman province of Syria|Roman Province of Syria]] by the time of Paul's adulthood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Saint Paul the Apostle {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle#:~:text=Paul%20was%20a%20Greek-speaking,in%20his%20life%20and%20letters. |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Tarsus was one of the larger centers of trade on the Mediterranean coast and renowned for its  [[academy]]. It had been among the most influential cities in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] since the time of [[Alexander the Great]], who died in 323 BC.{{sfn|Wright|1974|p=404}}

Paul referred to himself as being "of the stock of Israel, of the [[tribe of Benjamin]], a Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a [[Pharisees|Pharisee]]".<ref>{{Bibleverse|Philippians|3:5}}</ref>{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=21–22}} The Bible reveals very little about Paul's family. Acts quotes Paul referring to his family by saying he was "a Pharisee, born of Pharisees".<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|23:6}}</ref>{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=22}} Paul's nephew, his sister's son, is mentioned in Acts 23:16.<ref name="auto1">{{Bibleverse|Acts|23:16}}</ref>

The family had a history of religious piety.<ref>{{Bibleverse|2 Timothy|1:3}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="disputed"|1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus may be "Trito-Pauline", meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death.}} Apparently, the family lineage had been very attached to [[Pharisees#Practices|Pharisaic traditions]] and observances for generations.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Philippians|3:5–6}}</ref> Acts says that he was an artisan involved in the leather crafting or tent-making profession.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|18:1–3}}</ref>{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=41–42}} This was to become an initial connection with [[Priscilla and Aquila]], with whom he would partner in tentmaking<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|18:3}}</ref> and later become very important teammates as fellow missionaries.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Romans|16:4}}</ref>

While he was still fairly young, he was sent to Jerusalem to receive his education at the school of [[Gamaliel]],<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|22:3}}</ref>{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=21–22}} one of the most noted teachers of [[Halakha|Jewish law]] in history. Although modern scholarship accepts that Paul was educated under the supervision of Gamaliel in Jerusalem,{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=21–22}} he was not preparing to become a scholar of Jewish law, and probably never had any contact with the [[Hillel the Elder|Hillelite]] school.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=21–22}} Some of his family may have resided in Jerusalem since later the son of one of his sisters saved his life there.<ref name="auto1"/>{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=21}} Nothing more is known of his biography until he takes an active part in the martyrdom of [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]],<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|7:58–60; 22:20}}</ref> a Hellenised diaspora Jew.{{sfn|Dunn|2009|pp=242–44}}

Some modern scholarship argues that while Paul was fluent in [[Koine Greek]], the language he used to write his letters, his first language was probably [[Aramaic]].{{sfn|Bruce|2000|p=43}} In his letters, Paul drew heavily on his knowledge of [[Stoicism|Stoic philosophy]], using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of the Gospel and to explain his Christology.{{sfn|Lee|2006|pp=13–26}}{{sfn|Kee|1983|p=208}}