Editing Paris (section)

===High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV===
{{See also|Paris in the Middle Ages|Paris in the 16th century|Paris in the 17th century}}
[[File:Palais de la Cite.jpg|alt=The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)|thumb|The [[Palais de la Cité]] and [[Sainte-Chapelle]], viewed from the Left Bank, from the [[Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]] (month of June) (1410)]]

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The [[Palais de la Cité]], the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]], [[Maurice de Sully]], bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] at its eastern extremity.

After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,{{sfn|Bussmann|1985|p=22}} Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's [[Les Halles]]) replaced the two smaller ones on the [[Île de la Cité]] and [[Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération|Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville)]].{{sfn|de Vitriaco|Hinnebusch|1972|p=262}} The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.

In the late 12th century, [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] extended the [[Louvre]] fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=36–40}} In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the [[University of Paris]] and would draw students from all of Europe.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}

With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |title=Paris history facts |date=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195637/https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by {{Lang|fr|merde}}, the French word for "shit".<ref>John Kelly, ''"The Great Mortality"'' (2005). pp 42</ref>
[[File:P1030887 Paris IV hôtel de Sens rwk.JPG|alt=|thumb|The [[Hôtel de Sens]] ({{Circa}} 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens]]
During the [[Hundred Years' War]], Paris was occupied by England-friendly [[Burgundian State|Burgundian forces]] from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when [[Henry V of England]] entered the French capital in 1420;<ref>Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., ''Histoire de Charles VII'', Tome I: ''Le Dauphin'' (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque, 35 Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48</ref> in spite of a 1429 effort by [[Joan of Arc]] to liberate the city,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=52–53}} it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

In the late 16th-century [[French Wars of Religion]], Paris was a stronghold of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], the organisers of 24 August 1572 [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bayrou|1994|pp=121–130}} The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the [[Pont Neuf]], built a Louvre extension connecting it to the [[Tuileries Palace]], and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now [[Place des Vosges]]. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near [[Les Halles]] marketplace in 1610.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=577}}

During the 17th century, [[Cardinal Richelieu]], chief minister of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]], was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the [[College of Sorbonne]], and a palace for himself, the [[Palais-Royal|Palais-Cardinal]]. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the [[Palais-Royal]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=582}}

[[File:Plan de Paris en 1657.JPG|thumb|Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, [[Jan Janssonius]]]]
Due to the Parisian uprisings during the [[Fronde]] civil war, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] moved his court to a new palace, [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the [[Comédie-Française]], the Academy of Painting, and the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the [[City walls of Paris|city walls]] demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the ''[[Boulevards of Paris#The grands boulevards|Grands Boulevards]]''.{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=42–43}} Other marks of his reign were the [[Collège des Quatre-Nations]], the [[Place Vendôme]], the [[Place des Victoires]], and [[Les Invalides]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=590–591}}