Editing Pallium (section)

=== Early usage ===
It is unknown exactly when the pallium was first introduced. Although [[Tertullian]] wrote an essay no later than 220 AD titled ''De Pallio'' ("On the Pallium"), according to the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', it was first used when [[Pope Marcus]] (died 336) conferred the right to wear the pallium on the [[Bishop of Ostia]], because the [[consecration]] of the pope appertained to him; [[Pope Symmachus]] did the same for [[St. Cæsarius of Arles]] in 513, and in numerous other references of the sixth century, the pallium is mentioned as a long-customary vestment. It seems that earlier, the pope alone had the absolute right of wearing the pallium; its use by others was tolerated only by virtue of the permission of the pope. References to the pallium being conferred on others as a mark of distinction date to the sixth century. The honour was usually conferred on metropolitans, especially those nominated [[vicar]]s by the pope, but it was sometimes conferred on simple bishops (e.g., on [[Syagrius of Autun]], Donus of Messina, and John of Syracuse by [[Pope Gregory I]]).{{sfn|Braun|1911}}

The use of the pallium among metropolitans did not become general until the eighth century,{{sfn|Braun|1911}}{{refn|group=n|Note that the date "between 840 and 850" given by the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=639}} is a [[typographical error]] in reference to Boniface's letter of 747.{{sfn|Boniface|loc=Letter to Cuthbert}}}} when a synod convened by [[St Boniface]] laid an obligation upon Western metropolitans of receiving their pallium only from the pope in Rome.{{sfn|Boniface|loc=Letter to Cuthbert}} This was accomplished by journeying there or by forwarding a petition for the pallium accompanied by a solemn [[profession of faith]], all consecrations being forbidden them before the reception of the pallium. The [[oath of allegiance]] which the recipient of the pallium takes today apparently originated in the eleventh century, during the reign of [[Paschal II]] (1099–1118), and replaced the profession of faith.{{sfn|Braun|1911}}

The awarding of the pallium became controversial in the [[Middle Ages]], because popes charged a fee to those receiving them, acquiring hundreds of millions of gold [[Italian coin florin|florins]] for the papacy and bringing the award of the pallium into disrepute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griesinger |first1=Karl Theodor |title=The mysteries of the Vatican: or, Crimes of the papacy, tr. by E.S. |date=1864 |pages=105–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8YCAAAAQAAJ |language=en}}</ref> It is certain that a [[tribute]] was paid for the reception of the pallium as early as the sixth century. This was abrogated by Pope Gregory I in the Roman Synod of 595, but was reintroduced later as partial maintenance of the Holy See.{{sfn|Braun|1911}} This process was condemned by the [[Council of Basel]] in 1432, which referred to it as "the most usurious contrivance ever invented by the papacy".{{sfn|Rossa|1988|p=137}}