Editing Pablo Casals (section)

===International career===
In 1899, Casals played at [[The Crystal Palace]] in London, and later for [[Queen Victoria]] at [[Osborne House]], her summer residence, accompanied by [[Ernest Walker (composer)|Ernest Walker]]. On 12 November, and 17 December 1899, he appeared as a soloist at the Lamoureux Concerts in Paris, to great public and critical acclaim. He toured Spain and the Netherlands with the pianist [[Harold Bauer]] from 1900 to 1901; in 1901/02, he made his first tour of the United States; and in 1903 toured South America.

On 15 January 1904, Casals was invited to play at the [[White House]] for President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. On 9 March of that year, he made his debut at [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York, playing [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[Don Quixote (Strauss)|Don Quixote]]'' under the baton of the composer. In 1906, he became associated with the talented young [[Portugal|Portuguese]] cellist [[Guilhermina Suggia]],<ref>Mercier, Anita [http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/suggia.htm Guilhermina Suggia], retrieved 1 August 2009</ref> who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912.

''[[The New York Times]]'' of 9 April 1911 announced that Casals would perform at the London Musical Festival to be held at the Queen's Hall on the second day of the Festival (23 May). The piece chosen was [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]'s Cello Concerto in D and Casals would later join [[Fritz Kreisler]] for [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s [[Double Concerto (Brahms)|Double Concerto for Violin and Cello]].<ref name="nyt" />

In 1914, Casals married the American socialite and singer [[Susan Metcalfe Casals|Susan Metcalfe]]; they were separated in 1928, but did not divorce until 1957.

Although Casals made his first recordings in 1915 (a series for [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]), he would not release another recording until 1926 (on the [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor]] label).<ref name="classical"/>

Back in Paris, Casals organized a trio with the pianist [[Alfred Cortot]] and the violinist [[Jacques Thibaud]]; they played concerts and made recordings until 1937. Casals also became interested in conducting, and in 1919 he organized, in Barcelona, the [[Orquestra Pau Casals|Pau Casals Orchestra]] and led its first concert on 13 October 1920. With the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936, the Orquestra Pau Casals ceased its activities.

Casals was an ardent supporter of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republican government]], and after its defeat vowed not to return to Spain until democracy was restored. Casals performed at the Gran Teatre del Liceu on 19 October 1938, possibly his last performance in Spain before his exile.<ref>Abella, Rafael ''La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil: la España republicana'' p. 422 (published by Editorial Planeta, 1975)</ref>

[[File:Presidential Medal of Freedom.svg|thumb|upright=0.4|Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963]]
In the last weeks of 1936, he stayed in [[Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales|Prades]],<ref>Puig, René (Casals' doctor in Prades since the end of 1936), "Pablo Casals", ''Magazine Conflent'', 1965, p. 3.</ref> a small village in France near the Spanish border, where Casals would settle in 1939,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldock |first1=Robert |title=Pablo Casals |url=https://archive.org/details/pablocasals0000bald |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=Northeastern University Press |location=Boston |isbn=1-55553-176-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pablocasals0000bald/page/161 161]}}</ref> in [[Pyrénées-Orientales]], an historically Catalan region. Between 1939 and 1942 he made sporadic appearances as a cellist in the unoccupied zone of southern France and in [[Switzerland]]. He was mocked by the Francoist press, which wrote articles deriding him as "a donkey", and was fined one million pesetas for his political views.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalunya sota el règim franquista|author=Benet, Josep|date=1978|publisher=Blume|isbn=847031064X|edition=1. reedició|location=Barcelona|oclc=4777662}}</ref> So fierce was his opposition to [[Francoist Spain]] that he refused to appear in countries that recognized the Spanish government. He made a notable exception when he took part in a concert of [[chamber music]] in the [[White House]] on 13 November 1961, at the invitation of [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], whom he admired. On 6 December 1963, Casals was awarded the U.S. [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].

Throughout most of his professional career, he played on a cello that was labeled and attributed to "[[Carlo Annibale Tononi|Carlo Tononi]] ... 1733" but after he had been playing it for 50 years it was discovered to have been created by the Venetian [[luthier]] [[Matteo Goffriller]] around 1700. Casals acquired it in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=2366|title= Cello by Matteo Goffriller, 1700c (ex-Casals)|publisher= Cozio|access-date= 22 January 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071122232757/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=2366|archive-date= 22 November 2007|url-status= dead}}</ref> He also played another cello by Goffriller dated 1710, and a Tononi from 1730.

====Prades Festivals====
In 1950, he resumed his career as conductor and cellist at the Prades Festival in [[Conflent]], organized in commemoration of the bicentenary of the death of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]; Casals agreed to participate on condition that all proceeds were to go to a refugee hospital in nearby [[Perpignan]].<ref name="classical" />

====Puerto Rico====
Casals traveled extensively to Puerto Rico in 1955, inaugurating the annual [[Casals Festival]] the next year. In 1955, Casals married as his second wife long-time associate {{ill|Francesca Vidal i Puig|es}}, who died that same year. In 1957, at age 80, Casals married 20-year-old [[Marta Casals Istomin|Marta Montañez y Martinez]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Master cellist Pablo Casal marries 21-year-old pupil| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19570805&id=hpxJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1738,948032| newspaper=The News and Courier (Charleston, South Carolina)| date=5 August 1957}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is said to have dismissed concerns that marriage to someone 60 years his junior might be hazardous by saying, "I look at it this way: if she dies, she dies."<ref>{{cite news| last=Gardner| first=Jasmine| title=Julian Lloyd Webber talks music and marriage |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/julian-lloyd-webber-talks-music-and-marriage-7578985.html |newspaper=London Evening Standard |date=20 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Amis| first=John| title=Master of the Cello: Pablo Casals| journal=The Tablet| date=6 February 1993| url=http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/6th-february-1993/16/master-of-the-cello| access-date=29 September 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193522/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/6th-february-1993/16/master-of-the-cello| archive-date=29 October 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> Pau and Marta made their permanent residence in the town of [[Ceiba, Puerto Rico|Ceiba]], and lived in a house called "El Pessebre" (The Manger).<ref>[http://www.festcasalspr.gobierno.pr/historia.html Festival Casals de Puerto Rico: Historia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427045736/http://www.festcasalspr.gobierno.pr/historia.html |date=27 April 2009 }}, retrieved 1 August 2009 {{in lang|es}}</ref> He made an impact in the Puerto Rican music scene by founding the [[Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra]] in 1958, and the [[Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico]] in 1959.