Editing Oud (section)

===Spread of oud to Europe===

When the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyads conquered Hispania]] in 711, they brought their ud along. An oud is depicted as being played by a seated musician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/jordan/desert-castles/qusayr-amra/audience-hall/img-10|title=Musician and dancing woman, Qusayr Amra. Art Destination Jordan|website=universes.art}}</ref> in [[Qasr Amra]] of the [[Umayyad dynasty]], one of the earliest depictions of the instrument as played in early Islamic history.

During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to [[al-Andalus]].<ref name=Menocal>{{Citation|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|editor1=María Rosa Menocal |editor2=Raymond P. Scheindlin |editor3=Michael Anthony Sells |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000}}</ref> Among them was [[Ziryab|Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘]] (789–857),<ref name="Gill">{{cite book|last=Gill|first=John|title=Andalucia: A Cultural History|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-01-95-37610-4|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGY2fSXko5kC&pg=PA81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521779333|page=311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA311}}</ref> a prominent musician who had trained under [[Ishaq al-Mawsili]] ({{Died in|850}}) in [[Baghdad]] and was exiled to al-Andalus before 833 AD. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud<ref name=iranica>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica – Barbat |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |date=1988-12-15 |access-date=2012-02-04}}</ref> and with establishing one of the first schools of [[music]] in [[Emirate of Córdoba|Córdoba]].<ref name="Davila?">{{cite magazine|title=Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq |magazine=Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean |volume=21 |number=2 |year=2009}}</ref>

By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to [[Provence]], influencing French [[troubadour]]s and [[trouvères]] and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. While Europe developed the lute, the ''oud'' remained a central part of Arab music, and broader Ottoman music as well, undergoing a range of transformations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oudmigrations.com/2016/03/08/journeys-of-ottoman-ouds/|title=The journeys of Ottoman ouds|website=oudmigrations|date=8 March 2016|access-date=2016-04-26 |author1=Oudadmin }}</ref>

Although the major entry of the short lute was in western Europe, leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the sixth century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called [[Komuz]] to the Balkans.