Editing Otorhinolaryngology (section)

==Topics by subspecialty==

=== Head and neck surgery ===
* Head and neck surgical oncology (field of surgery treating cancer/malignancy of the head and neck)
** Head and neck mucosal malignancy (cancer of the pink lining of the upper aerodigestive tract)
***[[Oral cancer]] (cancer of lips, gums, tongue, hard palate, cheek, floor of mouth)
***Oropharyngeal cancer (cancer of oropharynx, soft palate, tonsil, base of tongue)
***Larynx cancer (voice box cancer)
***Hypopharynx cancer (lower throat cancer)
***Sinonasal cancer
***Nasopharyngeal cancer
**[[Skin cancer]] of the head & neck
**[[Thyroid cancer]]
**[[Salivary gland cancer]]
**Head and neck sarcoma
* Endocrine surgery of the head and neck
**Thyroid surgery
**Parathyroid surgery
*[[Flap (surgery)|Microvascular free flap reconstructive surgery]]
*Skull base surgery

===Otology and neurotology===
{{Main|Otology|Neurotology}}
Study of diseases of the outer ear, middle ear and mastoid, and inner ear, and surrounding structures (such as the facial nerve and lateral skull base)

* Outer ear diseases
**[[Otitis externa]] –
***[[outer ear]] or [[ear canal]] inflammation
**Exostoses or [[Surfer's ear]] are bony growths in the outer ear canal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exostoses (Surfer's Ear) |url=https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/exostoses.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Stanford Medicine Healthcare}}</ref>
*Middle ear and mastoid diseases
**[[Otitis media]] – [[middle ear]] inflammation
**Perforated [[eardrum]] (hole in the eardrum due to infection, trauma, explosion or loud noise)
**[[Mastoiditis]]
*Inner ear diseases
**[[BPPV]] – benign paroxysmal positional [[vertigo]]
**[[Labyrinthitis]]/[[Vestibular neuronitis]]
**[[Ménière's disease]]/[[Endolymphatic hydrops]]
**[[Perilymphatic fistula]]
**[[Acoustic neuroma]], vestibular schwannoma
*Facial nerve disease
**Idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's Palsy)
**Facial nerve tumors
**[[Ramsay Hunt Syndrome]]
* Symptoms
**Hearing loss
**Tinnitus (subjective noise in the ear)
**Aural fullness (sense of fullness in the ear)
**Otalgia (pain referring to the ear)
**Otorrhea (fluid draining from the ear)
**Vertigo
**Imbalance

===Rhinology===
Rhinology includes nasal dysfunction and sinus diseases.

*[[Nasal obstruction]]
**Inferior turbinate hypertrophy
**[[Nasal septum deviation]]
**Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps
*[[Sinusitis]] – acute, chronic
* Environmental [[allergies]]
*[[Rhinitis]]
*[[Pituitary tumor]]
*[[Empty nose syndrome]]
* Severe or recurrent [[epistaxis]]

===Pediatric otorhinolaryngology===

*[[Adenoidectomy]]
*[[Caustic ingestion]]
* Cricotracheal resection
*[[Decannulation]]
*[[Laryngomalacia]]
*[[Laryngotracheal reconstruction]]
*[[Myringotomy|Myringotomy and tubes]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]] – pediatric
*[[Tonsillectomy]]

===Laryngology===
{{main|Laryngology}}
*[[Dysphonia]]/hoarseness
**[[Laryngitis]]
**[[Reinke's edema]]
**[[Vocal fold nodule|Vocal cord nodules]] and [[Vocal cord polyp|polyps]]
*[[Spasmodic dysphonia]]
*[[Tracheostomy]]
*[[Cancer of the larynx]]
*[[Vocology]] – science and practice of voice habilitation

===Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery===
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a one-year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists who wish to begin learning the aesthetic and reconstructive surgical principles of the head, face, and neck pioneered by the specialty of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

*[[Rhinoplasty]] and [[septoplasty]]
*[[Rhytidectomy|Facelift]] (rhytidectomy)
*[[Browlift]]
*[[Blepharoplasty]]
*[[Otoplasty]]
*[[Genioplasty]]
* Injectable cosmetic treatments
*[[Physical trauma|Trauma]] to the face
**[[Nasal bone]] fracture
**[[Human mandible|Mandible]] fracture
**[[Orbital fracture]]
** Frontal [[Sinus (anatomy)|sinus]] fracture
** Complex lacerations and soft tissue damage
* Skin cancer (e.g. [[Basal Cell Carcinoma]])

=== Sleep surgery ===
{{main|Sleep surgery}}
Sleep surgery encompasses any surgery that helps alleviate obstructive sleep apnea and can anatomically include any part of the upper airway.

* [[Nasal cavity]] / [[nasopharynx]]
** [[Septoplasty]]
** [[Adenoidectomy]] (especially in [[pediatrics]])
* [[Oral cavity]] / [[oropharynx]]
** [[Tonsillectomy]] (especially in [[pediatrics]])
** [[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
** Transoral midline [[glossectomy]]
** [[Genioglossus advancement]]
* Other
** [[Hyoid suspension]]
** [[Maxillomandibular advancement]]
** [[Hypoglossal nerve stimulation]]

=== Microvascular reconstruction repair ===
Microvascular reconstruction repair is a common operation that is done on patients who see an otorhinolaryngologist. It is a surgical procedure that involves moving a composite piece of tissue from the patient's body and to the head and/or neck. Microvascular head-and-neck reconstruction is used to treat head-and-neck cancers, including those of the larynx and pharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, calvarium, sinuses, tongue and skin. The tissue that is most commonly moved during this procedure is from the arms, legs, and back, and can come from the skin, bone, fat, and/or muscle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucsfhealth.org/treatments/microvascular_head_and_neck_reconstruction/|title=Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction - Conditions & Treatments|website=ucsfhealth.org|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>

When performing this procedure, the decision on which is moved is determined on the reconstructive needs. Transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows surgeons to rebuild the patient's jaw, optimize tongue function, and reconstruct the throat. When the pieces of tissue are moved, they require their own blood supply for a chance of survival in their new location. After the surgery is completed, the blood vessels that feed the tissue transplant are reconnected to new blood vessels in the neck. These blood vessels are typically no more than 1 to 3&nbsp;millimeters in diameter, which means that these connections need to be made with a microscope, which is why the procedure is called "microvascular surgery".{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}