Editing Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (section)

===Construction===
To minimize the effect of using state grants to invest in Eastern Norway, parliament decided that the construction and operation of the airport was to be done by an independent limited company that would be wholly owned by the Civil Airport Administration (Avinor). This model was chosen to avoid having to deal with public trade unions and to ensure that the construction was not subject to annual grants.<ref name="Bredal, 1998: 39">Bredal, 1998: 39</ref> This company was founded in 1992 as Oslo Hovedflyplass AS, but changed its name in 1996 to Oslo Lufthavn. From 1 January 1997, it also took over the operation of Oslo Airport, Fornebu. The company was established with NOK&nbsp;200 million in share capital. The remaining assets were NOK&nbsp;2 billion from the sale of Fornebu and NOK&nbsp;900 million in responsible debt. The remaining funding would come from debt from the state. Total investments for the airport, railways and roads were NOK&nbsp;22 billion, of which Oslo Lufthavn would have a debt of NOK&nbsp;11 billion after completion.<ref name="Bredal, 1998: 39" />
[[File:Aircraft parked at the north pier at Oslo Airport..jpg|thumb|Aircraft parked at the North Pier]]
At Gardermoen there was both an air station and about 270 house owners that had their real estate [[eminent domain|expropriated]] following parliament's decision. NOK&nbsp;1.7 billion were used to purchase land, including the Air Force. It was the state that expropriated and bought all the land and remained land owner, while Oslo Lufthavn leases the ground from the state.<ref>Bredal, 1998: 83–84</ref> The first two years were used to demolish and rebuild the air station. This reduced the building area from {{convert|120000|to|41000|m2}}, but gave a more functional design.<ref name="bredal104">Bredal, 1998: 104</ref>

Construction of the new main airport started on 13 August 1994.<ref>Bredal, 1998: 45</ref> The western runway was already in place, and had been renovated by the Air Force in 1989. A new, eastern runway needed to be built. A hill at the airport was blown away, and the masses used to fill in where needed. The construction of the airport and railway required 13,000 man-years. 220 subcontractors were used, and working accidents were at a third of the national average, without any fatalities.<ref>Bredal, 53–65</ref> The last flights to Fornebu took place on 7 October 1998. That night, 300 people and 500 truckloads transported equipment from Fornebu to Gardermoen. Oslo Airport was officially opened on 8 October 1998, with the name ''Gardermoen.''<ref name="bredal42" /> ''Gardermoen'' is a compound of the farm name ''Garder'' and the finite form of ''mo'' 'moor; drill ground' (thus 'the moor belonging to the farm Garder'). The farm is first mentioned in 1328 (''Garðar''), and the name is the plural of [[Old Norse|Norse]] ''garðr'' '[[fence]]'.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The airlines needed to build their own facilities at Gardermoen. SAS built a complex with {{convert|55000|m2}}, including a technical base, cabin storage, garages and cargo terminals, for NOK&nbsp;1.398 billion. This included a technical base for their fleet of [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9]] and [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]]-aircraft for NOK&nbsp;750 million. The cargo handling facility is {{convert|21000|m2}} and was built in cooperation with [[Posten Norge]]. SAS also built two lounges in the passenger terminal. Since Braathens had its technical base at [[Stavanger Airport, Sola]], it used NOK&nbsp;200 million to build facilities. This included a {{convert|9000|m2}} hangar for six aircraft for NOK&nbsp;100 million.<ref>Bredal, 170–173</ref>
[[File:Flyby of Gardermoen Airport OSL.JPG|thumb|left|Oslo Airport seen on flyby]]
Parliament decided to build a [[high-speed rail|high-speed]] [[airport rail link]] from Oslo to Gardermoen. The {{convert|64|km|adj=on}} [[Gardermoen Line]] connects [[Oslo Central Station]] (Oslo) to Gardermoen and onwards to [[Eidsvoll Station|Eidsvoll]]. This line was constructed for {{convert|210|km/h}} and allows the [[Flytoget]] train to operate from Oslo Central station to Gardermoen in nineteen minutes. Just like the airport, the railway was to be financed by the users. The [[Norwegian State Railways]] (NSB) established a subsidiary, {{lang|no|[[Flytoget|NSB Gardermobanen]]}}, which would build and own the railway line, as well as operate the airport trains. The company would borrow money from the state, and repay with the profits from operation. During construction of the [[Romerike Tunnel]], a leak was made that started draining the water from the lakes above.<ref>Bredal, 1998: 137–141</ref> The time and cost to repair the leaks meant that the whole railway line budget was exceeded, and the tunnel would not be taken into use until 1 August 1999. Since the rest of the railway was finished, two trains (instead of the intended six), operated using more time from the opening of the new airport.

The main road corridor northwards from Oslo to Gardermoen is [[European route E6|European Route E6]]. The E6 was widened to six lanes north to Hvam, and to four lanes north to Gardermoen. The E6 runs about {{convert|6|km}} east of the airport, so {{convert|6|km}} of Norwegian National Road 35 was widened to a four-lane motorway to connect the E6 to the airport. This connection cost NOK&nbsp;1 billion. After the opening of the airport, National Road 35 was reconstructed west of the airport as a two-lane toll road. Also [[Norwegian National Road 120]] and [[Norwegian National Road 174]] were reconstructed.<ref name="bredalroad">Bredal, 1998: 141–146</ref>