Editing Orthoptera (section)

==Evolution==

This order evolved {{Ma|300}} with a division into two suborders – [[Caelifera]] and [[Ensifera]] – occurring {{Ma|256}}.<ref name=Chang2020>Chang H, Qiu Z, Yuan H, Wang X, Li X, Sun H, Guo X, Lu Y, Feng X, Majid M, Huang Y (2020) Evolutionary rates of and selective constraints on the mitochondrial genomes of Orthoptera insects with different wing types. Mol Phylogenet Evol </ref>

===Phylogeny===

The Orthoptera are divided into two suborders, [[Caelifera]] and [[Ensifera]], that have been shown to be [[monophyletic]].<ref name="Zhou2010">Zhou Z, Ye H, Huang Y, Shi F. (2010) The phylogeny of Orthoptera inferred from mtDNA and description of ''Elimaea cheni'' (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) mitogenome. ''J. Genet. Genomics.'' 37(5):315-324</ref><ref name=Gwynne>{{cite journal |last1=Gwynne |first1=Darryl T. |title=Phylogeny of the Ensifera (Orthoptera): a hypothesis supporting multiple origins of acoustical signalling, complex spermatophores and maternal care in crickets, katydids, and weta |journal= Journal of Orthoptera Research|date=1995 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=203–218 |doi=10.2307/3503478 |jstor=3503478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flook |first1=P. K. |last2=Rowell |first2=C. H. F. |title=The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1997 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0412 |pmid=9242597|bibcode=1997MolPE...8...89F }}</ref> A recent comprehensive phylogeny based on analyses of data from transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes found the following relationships within Orthoptera.<ref name=Song-2020>{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Hojun |last2=Béthoux |first2=Olivier |last3=Shin |first3=Seunggwan  |first4=Alexander |last4=Donath |first5=Harald |last5=Letsch |first6=Shanlin |last6=Liu |first7=Duane D. |last7=McKenna |first8=Guanliang |last8=Meng |first9=Bernhard |last9=Misof |first10=Lars |last10=Podsiadlowski |first11=Xin |last11=Zhou |first12=Benjamin |last12=Wipfler |first13=Sabrina |last13=Simon  |title=Phylogenomic analysis sheds light on the evolutionary pathways towards acoustic communication in Orthoptera. |journal=Nat. Commun. |volume=11 |pages=4939 |year=2020 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-18739-4 |pmc=7532154 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''Orthoptera'''
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Ensifera]]
   |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Gryllidea]]
      |1={{clade |state1=double
         |1=[[Gryllotalpoidea]]{{efn|Gryllotalpoidea is paraphyletic with respect to Grylloidea, with either [[Gryllotalpidae]] or [[Myrmecophilidae]] as sister to Grylloidea<ref name=Song-2020/> }} (mole crickets and ant crickets)
         |2=[[Grylloidea]] ("true crickets", scaly crickets, wood crickets, etc) [[File:Arachnocephalus vestitus01.jpg|70px]]
         }}
      |label2=[[Tettigoniidea]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Rhaphidophoroidea]] (cave crickets, camel crickets, spider crickets and sand treaders) [[File:Ceuthophiluscricket.jpg|70px]]
         |2={{clade  
            |1=[[Schizodactyloidea]] (dune crickets) [[File:Пальцепалый кузнечик.jpg|50px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Stenopelmatoidea]] (Jerusalem crickets, king crickets, leaf-rolling crickets and Cooloola monsters)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Hagloidea]] (grigs)
                  |2=[[Tettigonioidea]] (katydids or bush crickets) [[File:Cricket September 2010-1.jpg|70px]] 
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |label2=[[Caelifera]]
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Tridactylidea]]
      |1=[[Tridactyloidea]] [[File:Pygmy mole cricket (8071068977) cropped.jpg|70px]]
      |label2=[[Acrididea]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Tetrigoidea]] [[File:Tetrix subulata 2.JPG|70px]]
         |label2= [[Acridomorpha]] |sublabel2=([[grasshopper]]s)
         |2={{clade
                |1={{clade |state1=double
                   |1=[[Eumastacoidea]]{{efn|Eumastacoidea is paraphyletic with respect to Proscopioidea, with the latter in a derived position as sister to [[Episactidae]].<ref name=Song-2020/> }} [[File: Monkey hopper (14795010039).jpg|70px]] 
                   |2=[[Proscopioidea]] 
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Tanaoceroidea]]
                   |2={{clade
                      |1={{clade |state1=double
                         |1=[[Trigonopterygoidea]]{{efn|Trigonopterygoidea is paraphyletic with respect to Pneumoroidea, with [[Trigonopterygidae ]] as sister to [[Pneumoridae]].<ref name=Song-2020/>}}
                         |2=[[Pneumoroidea]] [[File:Bladder Grasshopper (Bullacris intermedia) (30068047440).jpg |70px]]
                         }}
                      |2={{clade
                         |1=[[Pyrgomorphoidea]] [[File:Variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus).jpg|70px]] 
                         |2=[[Acridoidea]] [[File:SGR laying.jpg|70px]]
                         }}
                      }}
                   }}
              }}
          }} 
       }}
   }}
}}

;Notes
{{notelist}}

===Taxonomy===
[[File:Garden locust (Acanthacris ruficornis).jpg|thumb|Garden locust (''Acanthacris ruficornis''), [[Ghana]], family [[Acrididae]]]]
[[File:Variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus).jpg|thumb|Variegated grasshopper (''Zonocerus variegatus''), [[Ghana]], family [[Pyrgomorphidae]]]]
[[File:Peruvian Stick Bug.jpg|thumb|[[Proscopiidae|Proscopiidae gen. sp.]] from the [[Andes]] of [[Peru]]]]

Taxonomists classify members of the Caelifera and Ensifera into infraorders and superfamilies as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Orthoptera Species File Online|url=https://bugscope.beckman.illinois.edu/pdfs/insects/Orthoptera_Species.pdf |publisher=University of Illinois|access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="BlackithBlackith1968">{{cite journal|last1=Blackith|first1= RE|last2=Blackith|first2= RM|title=A numerical taxonomy of Orthopteroid insects|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=16|issue=1 |year=1968|pages=111 |doi=10.1071/ZO9680111}}</ref><ref name="FlookKlee1999">{{cite journal|last1=Flook|first1=P. K.|last2=Klee|first2=S. |last3=Rowell|first3=C. H. F.|last4=Simon|first4=C.|title=Combined Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Orthoptera (Arthropoda, Insecta) and Implications for Their Higher Systematics|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=48 |issue=2|year=1999 |pages=233–253|issn=1076-836X|doi=10.1080/106351599260274|pmid=12066707|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/300023/files/48-2-233.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=superfamily Gryllotalpoidea Leach, 1815: Orthoptera Species File |url=http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1128272 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=orthoptera.speciesfile.org}}</ref>  

* Suborder [[Caelifera]] – grasshoppers, pygmy mole crickets and allies
** Infraorder [[Acrididea]]
*** Superfamily [[Acridoidea]] – grasshoppers, locusts
*** Superfamily [[Eumastacoidea]] – monkey or matchstick grasshoppers and allies
*** Superfamily [[Locustopsoidea]]†
*** Superfamily [[Pneumoroidea]] – bladder grasshoppers
*** Superfamily [[Pyrgomorphoidea]] – gaudy grasshoppers
*** Superfamily [[Tanaoceroidea]] – desert long-horned grasshoppers
*** Superfamily [[Tetrigoidea]] – ground-hoppers or grouse locusts
*** Superfamily [[Trigonopterygoidea]] – leaf grasshoppers
** Infraorder [[Tridactylidea]]
*** Superfamily [[Dzhajloutshelloidea]]†
*** Superfamily [[Regiatoidea]]†
*** Superfamily [[Tridactyloidea]] – pygmy mole crickets and allies
* Suborder [[Ensifera]] – crickets
** Superfamily [[Grylloidea]] – crickets 
** Superfamily [[Gryllotalpoidea]] – mole crickets and ant crickets
** Superfamily [[Hagloidea]] – grigs and allies
** Superfamily [[Phasmomimoidea]]†
** Superfamily [[Rhaphidophoroidea]] – camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wētā
** Superfamily [[Schizodactyloidea]] – dune crickets
** Superfamily [[Stenopelmatoidea]] – wētā and allies
** Superfamily [[Tettigonioidea]] – katydids / bush crickets
*''Incertae sedis''
**Superfamily [[Elcanidae|Elcanoidea]]† [[Permian]]-[[Paleocene]]