Editing Orrery (section)

===Modern===
[[File:Frederiksborg slot - Museum 20090818 28.JPG|thumb|The Orrery inside the Sphaera Copernicana, designed by Joseph of Gottorp and built by Andreas Bösch, 1653]]
[[File:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|thumb|''[[A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery]]'' ({{circa|1766}}) by [[Joseph Wright of Derby]]]]
[[File:Two Orreries (Derby Museum & Art Gallery).webm|thumb|Modern working reconstruction of a grand orrery at [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery]] (England)]]
[[File:Planetarium Eise Eisinga in Franeker.jpg|thumb|The orrery built by wool carder [[Eise Eisinga]] from 1774 to 1781 in his living room, the oldest functioning planetarium in the world]]

There is an orrery built by clock makers [[George Graham (clockmaker)|George Graham]] and [[Thomas Tompion]] dated {{circa|1710}} in the [[History of Science Museum, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/object/inv/97810|title=Orrery, by Thomas Tompion and George Graham, London, c. 1710|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> Graham gave the first model, or its design, to the celebrated instrument maker John Rowley of London to make a copy for [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]. Rowley was commissioned to make another copy for his patron [[Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery]], from which the device took its name in English.<ref>{{OED|orrery}}</ref><ref name="ley196502">{{Cite magazine
 |last=Ley
 |first=Willy
 |date=February 1965
 |title=Forerunners of the Planetarium
 |department=For Your Information
 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n02_1964-12#page/n93/mode/2up
 |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
 |pages=87–98
}}</ref> This model was presented to Charles' son John, later the [[John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork|5th Earl of Cork and 5th Earl of Orrery]]. Independently, [[Christiaan Huygens]] published in 1703 details of a heliocentric planetary machine which he had built while living in Paris between 1665 and 1681. He calculated the gear trains needed to represent a year of 365.242 days, and used that to produce the cycles of the principal planets.<ref name="EE"/>

[[Joseph Wright of Derby|Joseph Wright]]'s painting ''[[A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery|A Philosopher giving a Lecture on the Orrery]]'' ({{circa|1766}}), which hangs in the [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery]], depicts a group listening to a lecture by a [[natural philosophy|natural philosopher]]. The Sun in a brass orrery provides the only light in the room. The orrery depicted in the painting has rings, which give it an appearance similar to that of an [[armillary sphere]]. The demonstration was thereby able to depict [[eclipse]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/child.asp?txtKeywords=&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&x1=&y1=&x2=&y2=&scale=&theme=&album=&resource=5230&viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fstandard%2Fdefault%2Easp&originator=&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=&text=&exhibition=1652&offset=0 |title=Revolutionary Players |publisher=Search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk |access-date=2010-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091137/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/child.asp?txtKeywords=&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&x1=&y1=&x2=&y2=&scale=&theme=&album=&resource=5230&viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fstandard%2Fdefault.asp&originator=&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=&text=&exhibition=1652&offset=0 |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>

To put this in chronological context, in 1762 [[John Harrison]]'s [[marine chronometer]] first enabled accurate measurement of [[longitude]]. In 1766, astronomer [[Johann Daniel Titius]] first demonstrated that the mean distance of each planet from the Sun could be represented by the following progression:

<math>\frac{4+0}{10},\frac{4+3}{10},\frac{4+6}{10},\frac{4+12}{10},\frac{4+24}{10},...</math>

That is, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.6, 2.8,&nbsp;... The numbers refer to [[astronomical unit]]s, the mean distance between Sun and Earth, which is 1.496 × 10<sup>8</sup> km (93 × 10<sup>6</sup> miles). The Derby Orrery does not show mean distance, but demonstrated the relative planetary movements.

The [[Eisinga Planetarium]] was built from 1774 to 1781 by [[Eise Eisinga]] in his home in [[Franeker]], in the Netherlands. It displays the planets across the width of a room's ceiling, and has been in operation almost continually since it was created.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetarium-friesland.nl/en|title=Welcome - Planetarium Friesland|website=www.planetarium-friesland.nl}}</ref> This orrery is a planetarium in both senses of the word: a complex machine showing planetary orbits, and a theatre for depicting the planets' movement. Eisinga house was bought by the Dutch Royal family who gave him a pension.
[[File:Planetarium in Putnam Gallery 2, 2009-11-24.jpg|thumb|A 1766 Benjamin Martin Orrery, used at Harvard]]

In 1764, Benjamin Martin devised a new type of planetary model, in which the planets were carried on brass arms leading from a series of concentric or coaxial tubes. With this construction it was difficult to make the planets revolve, and to get the moons to turn around the planets. Martin suggested that the conventional orrery should consist of three parts: the planetarium where the planets revolved around the Sun, the [[tellurion]] (also ''tellurian'' or ''tellurium'') which showed the inclined axis of the Earth and how it revolved around the Sun, and the lunarium which showed the eccentric rotations of the Moon around the Earth. In one orrery, these three motions could be mounted on a common table, separately using the central spindle as a prime mover.<ref name="HMSO"/>
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[[File:Wilhelm Schickard.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Wilhelm Schickard]] (1592–1635) holding a "hand planetarium" (orrery) of his own invention]]  -->