Editing Ore (section)

=== Magmatic deposits ===

Magmatic deposits are ones who originate directly from magma[[File:Grainitic Pegmatite.jpg|thumb|244x244px|Granitic pegmatite composed of plagioclase and K-feldspar, large hornblende crystal present. Scale bar is 5.0 cm]]
* [[Pegmatite]]s are very coarse grained, igneous rocks. They crystallize slowly at great depth beneath the surface, leading to their very large crystal sizes. Most are of granitic composition. They are a large source of industrial minerals such as [[quartz]], [[feldspar]], [[spodumene]], [[petalite]], and [[Lithophile element|rare lithophile elements]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=London |first=David |date=2018 |title=Ore-forming processes within granitic pegmatites |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136818300283 |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |language= |volume=101 |pages=349–383 |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.020 |bibcode=2018OGRv..101..349L |issn=0169-1368}}</ref>
* [[Carbonatite]]s are an igneous rock whose volume is made up of over 50% carbonate minerals. They are produced from mantle derived magmas, typically at continental rift zones. They contain more [[Rare-earth element|rare earth elements]] than any other igneous rock, and as such are a major source of light rare earth elements.<ref name="Verplanck-2016">{{Cite book |last1=Verplanck |first1=Philip L. |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70138176 |title=Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits |last2=Mariano |first2=Anthony N. |last3=Mariano Jr |first3=Anthony |publisher=Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-62949-218-6 |location=Littleton, CO |pages=5–32 |chapter=Rare earth element ore geology of carbonatites |oclc=946549103}}</ref>
* Magmatic [[Sulfide mineral|Sulfide]] Deposits form from mantle melts which rise upwards, and gain sulfur through interaction with the crust. This causes the sulfide minerals present to be immiscible, precipitating out when the melt crystallizes.<ref name="Naldrett-2011">{{Cite book |last=Naldrett |first=A. J. |title=Magmatic Ni-Cu and PGE Deposits: Geology, Geochemistry, and Genesis |publisher=Society of Economic Geologists |year=2011 |isbn=9781934969359 |chapter=Fundamentals of Magmatic Sulfide Deposits}}</ref><ref name="Song-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Xieyan |last2=Wang |first2=Yushan |last3=Chen |first3=Liemeng |date=2011 |title=Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems: Features, formation and exploration |journal=Geoscience Frontiers |language= |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=375–384 |doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2011.05.005|bibcode=2011GeoFr...2..375S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Magmatic sulfide deposits can be subdivided into two groups by their dominant ore element:
** Ni-Cu, found in [[komatiite]]s, [[anorthosite]] complexes, and [[flood basalt]]s.<ref name="Naldrett-2011" /> This also includes the [[Sudbury Basin|Sudbury Nickel Basin]], the only known astrobleme source of such ore.<ref name="Song-2011" />
** [[Platinum group elements|Platinum Group Elements]] (PGE) from large [[mafic]] intrusions and [[Tholeiitic magma series|tholeiitic]] rock.<ref name="Naldrett-2011" />
* Stratiform Chromites are strongly linked to PGE magmatic sulfide deposits.<ref name="Schulte-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Schulte |first1=Ruth F. |last2=Taylor |first2=Ryan D. |last3=Piatak |first3=Nadine M. |last4=Seal |first4=Robert R. |date=2010 |title=Stratiform chromite deposit model |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101232 |journal=Open-File Report |page=49 |doi=10.3133/ofr20101232 |bibcode=2010usgs.rept...49S |issn=2331-1258}}</ref> These highly mafic intrusions are a source of [[chromite]], the only [[chromium]] ore.<ref name="Mosier-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Mosier |first1=Dan L. |last2=Singer |first2=Donald A. |last3=Moring |first3=Barry C. |last4=Galloway |first4=John P. |date=2012 |title=Podiform chromite deposits—database and grade and tonnage models |journal=Scientific Investigations Report |publisher=USGS |pages=i–45 |doi=10.3133/sir20125157 |issn=2328-0328|doi-access=free |bibcode=2012usgs.rept...71M }}</ref> They are so named due to their strata-like shape and formation via layered magmatic injection into the host rock. Chromium is usually located within the bottom of the intrusion. They are typically found within intrusions in continental cratons, the most famous example being the [[Bushveld complex|Bushveld Complex]] in South Africa.<ref name="Schulte-2010" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Condie |first=Kent C. |title=Tectonic settings |date=2022 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128199145000020 |work=Earth as an Evolving Planetary System |pages=39–79 |access-date=2023-03-03 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-819914-5.00002-0 |isbn=978-0-12-819914-5}}</ref>
* [[Podiform|Podiform Chromitites]] are found in ultramafic oceanic rocks resulting from complex magma mixing.<ref name="Arai-1997"/> They are hosted in serpentine and dunite rich layers and are another source of chromite.<ref name="Mosier-2012" />
* [[Kimberlite]]s are a primary source for diamonds. They originate from depths of 150&nbsp;km in the mantle and are mostly composed of crustal [[xenocryst]]s, high amounts of magnesium, other trace elements, gases, and in some cases diamond.<ref name="Giuliani-2019"/>
[[File:Kimberliite.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Piece of kimberlite. 11.1 cm x 4.5 cm]]