Editing Order (biology) (section)

==History==
The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a ''higher genus'' ({{lang|la|genus summum}})) was first introduced by the German botanist [[Augustus Quirinus Rivinus]] in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. [[Carl Linnaeus]] was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then [[mineral]]s, [[plant]]s, and [[animal]]s) in his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (1735, 1st. Ed.).

===Botany===
[[File:Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of the 1758 edition of Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturæ''.<ref name=Linn1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |year=1758 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |language=la |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]]}}</ref>]]
For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the ''Systema Naturae'' and the ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word {{lang|la|ordo}} was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'' of [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] and the ''[[Bentham & Hooker system|Genera Plantarum]]'' of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see [[ordo naturalis]], '''natural order''<nowiki/>').

In French botanical publications, from [[Michel Adanson]]'s {{lang|fr|Familles naturelles des plantes}} (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word {{lang|fr|famille}} (plural: {{lang|fr|familles}}) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin {{lang|la|ordo}}. This equivalence was explicitly stated in the {{lang|fr|italics=unset|[[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle]]}}'s {{lang|fr|Lois de la nomenclature botanique}} (1868), the precursor of the currently used ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]''.

In the first international ''Rules'' of [[botanical nomenclature]] from the [[International Botanical Congress]] of 1905, the word ''family'' ({{lang|la|familia}}) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French {{lang|fr|famille}}, while order ({{lang|la|ordo}}) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a 'cohort' ({{lang|la|cohors}},<ref>{{cite book |author=Briquet, J. |year=1912  |title=Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le congrès international de botanique de Vienne 1905, deuxième edition mise au point d'après les décisions du congrès international de botanique de Bruxelles 1910; International rules of botanical nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congresses of Vienna 1905 and Brussels 1910; Internationale Regeln der botanischen Nomenclatur angenommen von den Internationalen Botanischen Kongressen zu Wien 1905 und Brüssel 1910 |publisher=Gustav Fischer |location=Jena |url=https://archive.org/details/rglesinternati00inteuoft}} Page 1.</ref> plural {{lang|la|cohortes}}).

Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. ''[[Palmae]]'' or ''[[Labiatae]]''). Such names are known as [[Descriptive botanical name|descriptive]] family names.

===Zoology===
In the field of [[zoology]], the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the ''Systema Naturae'' refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. [[Lepidoptera]] (moths and butterflies) and [[Diptera]] (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats).<ref name="General2">{{cite book |author=[[Carl Linnaeus|Carl von Linné]], translated by [[William Turton]] |year=1806 |title=Volume 2: Insects |series=A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties |publisher=Lackington, Allen, and Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQuAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

===Virology===
In [[virology]], the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]'s [[virus classification]] includes fifteen taxonomic ranks to be applied for [[Virus|viruses]], [[Viroid|viroids]] and [[Satellite (biology)|satellite nucleic acids]]: [[Realm (virology)|realm]], [[Realm (virology)#Subrealm|subrealm]], [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdom]], subkingdom, [[phylum]], [[subphylum]], class, subclass, order, suborder, family, [[subfamily]], genus, [[subgenus]], and species.<ref name=ICTV_2018>{{Cite web|url=https://ictv.global/about/code|title=ICTV Code. Section 3.IV, § 3.23; section 3.V, §§ 3.27-3.28..|date=October 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018|publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]}}</ref> There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in the suffix {{lang|la|-virales}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy
|title=ICTV Taxonomy|date=2018|access-date=Nov 8, 2019|publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]}}</ref>