Editing Orchestra (section)

===Instrumental technology===
[[File:Philadelphia Orchestra at American premiere of Mahler's 8th Symphony (1916).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Leopold Stokowski|Stokowski]] and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the 2&nbsp;March 1916 American premiere of [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]'s [[Symphony of a Thousand|8th&nbsp;Symphony]]]]
The invention of the piston and rotary valve by [[Heinrich Stölzel]] and [[Friedrich Blühmel]], both [[Silesians]], in 1815, was the first in a series of innovations which impacted the orchestra, including the development of modern keywork for the flute by [[Theobald Boehm]] and the innovations of [[Adolphe Sax]] in the woodwinds, notably the invention of the saxophone. These advances would lead [[Hector Berlioz]] to write a landmark book on [[instrumentation (music)|instrumentation]], which was the first systematic treatise on using instrumental sound as an expressive element of music.<ref>{{cite book |first=H. |last=Berlioz |author-link=Hector Berlioz |year=1843 |title=Traite d'instrumentation et d'orchestration |trans-title=Treatise on Instrumentation and Orchestration |place=Paris, FR |publisher=Lemoine}}</ref>