Editing Old Catholic Church (section)

===First Vatican Council, Old Catholic Union of Utrecht===
{{Papal primacy and infallibility|expanded=objections}}

After the [[First Vatican Council]] (1869–1870), several groups of Roman Catholics in [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Imperial Germany]], and [[Switzerland]] rejected the [[Roman Catholic dogma]] of [[Papal infallibility|papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals]] and left to form their own churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Catholic Conference |url=http://www.oldcatholichistory.org/pages/documents/Dollinger.html|access-date=2010-04-25 |website=oldcatholichistory.org}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The formation of the Old Catholic communion of Germans, Austrians and Swiss began under the leadership of [[Ignaz von Döllinger]], following the First Vatican Council.<ref name="WCC" /> These were supported by the [[Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht]], who ordained priests and bishops for them. Later the Dutch were united more formally with many of these groups under the name "[[Utrecht Union|Utrecht Union of Churches]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcatholichistory.org/pages/documents/Congress.html |title=Declaration of the Catholic Congress |website=oldcatholichistory.org |access-date=2010-04-25}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the spring of 1871, a convention in [[Munich]] attracted several hundred participants, including [[Church of England]] and Protestant observers.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Study of the First Old Catholic Congresses |url=http://www.oldcatholichistory.org/pages/history/Congress1.html |website=oldcatholichistory.org|access-date=2010-04-25}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Döllinger, an excommunicated Roman Catholic priest and church historian, was a notable leader of the movement but was never a member of an Old Catholic church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Father Johann Joseph Ignaz von Dollinger |website=oldcatholichistory.org |url=http://www.oldcatholichistory.org/pages/clergy/Dollinger.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727142139/http://www.oldcatholichistory.org/pages/clergy/Dollinger.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 March 2010 }}</ref>

The convention decided to form the "Old Catholic Church" in order to distinguish its members from what they saw as the novel teaching in the Roman Catholic dogma of papal infallibility. Although it had continued to use the [[Roman Rite]], from the middle of the 18th century the Dutch Old Catholic See of Utrecht had increasingly used the [[vernacular]] instead of Latin. The churches which broke from the Holy See in 1870 and subsequently entered into union with the Old Catholic See of Utrecht gradually introduced the vernacular into the [[liturgy]] until it completely replaced Latin in 1877.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |issn=0735-8318 |author=James S. Pula |date=Summer 2009 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=1–19 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/us_catholic_historian/v027/27.3.pula.html |via=Project MUSE |journal=U.S. Catholic Historian |title=Polish-American Catholicism: A Case Study in Cultural Determinism |doi=10.1353/cht.0.0014 |s2cid=154139236 |access-date=2010-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608014459/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fus_catholic_historian%2Fv027%2F27.3.pula.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1874, the Old Catholics removed the requirement of [[clerical celibacy]].<ref name="Vissera" />

The [[Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany]] received support from the government of [[Otto von Bismarck]], whose 1870s ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' policies persecuted the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Derek H.|date=Autumn 1998|title=Editorial: Religious persecution in today's Germany: old habits renewed|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=40|issue=4|location=Waco, TX |publisher=J. M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies at Baylor University|pages=741–756 |doi=10.1093/jcs/40.4.741|issn=0021-969X}}</ref> In Austria-Hungary, [[German nationalism in Austria|pan-Germanic nationalist groups]], like those of [[Georg Ritter von Schönerer]], [[Away from Rome!|promoted the conversion of all German speaking Catholics]] to Old Catholicism and Lutheranism, with poor results.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jensen|first=John H.|year=1971|title=Forces of change|series=The European experience, topics in modern history|volume=1|location=Wellington|publisher=Reed|isbn=9780589040635 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9AOAAAAQAAJ}}{{Page needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>