Editing Nymphaeaceae (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Water Lilies Canada 0517.jpg|thumb|Water lilies in Ontario, Canada]]

Nymphaeaceae has been investigated systematically for decades because botanists considered their floral morphology to represent one of the earliest groups of [[angiosperms]].<ref name="Non-molecular 1999, pp. 28-46" /> Modern genetic analyses by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] researchers has confirmed its [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] position among flowering plants.<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="apgiv">{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="The Linnean Society of London">{{Citation |title=As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants |publisher=The Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448 |access-date=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref><ref name="Horticulture Week">{{Citation |title=APG III tidies up plant family tree |publisher=[[Horticulture Week]] |url=http://www.hortweek.com/channel/OrnamentalsProduction/rss/article/943975/APG-III-tidies-plant-family-tree/ |access-date=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref> In addition, the Nymphaeaceae are more genetically diverse and geographically dispersed than other basal angiosperms.<ref>Mario Coiro & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga (2013): Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626</ref><ref>Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies), Jaume Pellicer, Laura J Kelly, Carlos Magdalena, Ilia Leitch, 2013, Genome, 10.1139/gen-2013-0039</ref> Nymphaeaceae is placed in the order [[Nymphaeales]], which is the second diverging group of angiosperms after ''[[Amborella]]'' in the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, [[APG IV system]].<ref name="apgiv" /><ref name="The Linnean Society of London" /><ref name="Horticulture Week" />

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=Nymphaeaceae
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Victoria (plant)|''Victoria'']]
               |2=[[Euryale (plant)|''Euryale'']]
               }}
            |2=''[[Nymphaea]]''
            }}
         |2=''[[Ondinea]]''
         }}
      |2=''[[Barclaya]]''
      }}
   |2=''[[Nuphar]]''
   }}
}}

Nymphaeaceae is a small family of three to six genera: ''[[Barclaya]]'', ''[[Euryale ferox|Euryale]]'', ''[[Nuphar]]'', ''[[Nymphaea]]'', ''[[Ondinea]]'', and ''[[Victoria (plant)|Victoria]]''. The genus ''Barclaya'' is sometimes given rank as its own family, [[Barclayaceae]], on the basis of an extended [[perianth]] tube (combined sepals and [[petals]]) arising from the top of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] and by stamens that are joined in the base. However, molecular phylogenetic work includes it in Nymphaeaceae.<ref>Les DH, Schneider EL, Padgett DJ, [[Soltis PS]], Soltis DE, Zanis M (1999) Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA data. Systematic Botany 24: 28–46.</ref> The genus ''Ondinea'' has recently been shown to be a morphologically aberrant species of ''Nymphaea'', and is now included in this genus.<ref>Löhne C, Wiersema JH, Borsch T (2009) The unusual ''Ondinea'', actually just another Australian water-lily of ''Nymphaea'' subg. ''Anecphya'' (Nymphaeaceae). Willdenowia 39: 55–58.</ref> The genera ''Euryale'', of far east Asia, and ''Victoria'', from South America, are closely related despite their geographic distance, but their relationship toward ''Nymphaea'' need further studies.<ref>Löhne C, Borsch T, Wiersema JH (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 141–163.</ref><ref>Borsch T, Löhne C, Wiersema J (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052–1081.</ref><ref>Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rama Rao S, Tandon P (2012) Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic implications of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in the genus Nymphaea with focus on some Indian representatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 93–108.</ref>

The [[Nelumbo nucifera|sacred lotus]] was once thought to be a water lily, but is now recognized to be a highly modified [[eudicot]] in its own family [[Nelumbonaceae]] of the order [[Proteales]].

=== Fossils ===
[[File:Jaguariba wiersemana, Brazil - Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin - MB. Pb. 1999-614.jpg|thumb|right|Fossil of ''[[Jaguariba wiersemana]]'']]

Several fossil species are known, including [[Cretaceous]] representatives of ''Nymphaea'', as well as fossil genera such as ''[[Jaguariba]]'' from the Cretaceous of [[Brazil]], ''[[Allenbya (plant)|Allenbya]]'' from the [[Ypresian]] of [[British Columbia]],<ref name="Allenbya1989">{{cite journal |last1=Cevallos-Ferriz |first1=S. R. |last2=Stockey |first2=R. A. |year=1989 |title=Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=207–217|doi=10.1086/337765 |s2cid=86651676 }}</ref> ''[[Notonuphar]]'' from the [[Eocene]] of [[Antarctica]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=David Winship |last2=Gee |first2=Carole T. |date=1 October 2014 |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-55/issue-2/014.055.0208/Phylogenetic-Analysis-of-Fossil-Water-Lilies-Based-on-Leaf-Architecture/10.3374/014.055.0208.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.3374/014.055.0208 |s2cid=84253809 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friis |first1=Else M. |last2=Iglesias |first2=Ari |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo A. |last4=Mörs |first4=Thomas |date=2017-08-01 |title=Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=303 |issue=7 |pages=969–980 |doi=10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y |s2cid=23846066 |issn=2199-6881|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PSyEv.303..969F }}</ref> ''[[Nuphaea]]'' from the Eocene of Germany,<ref name="Gee & Taylor, 2019">Gee, C. T., & Taylor, D. W. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carole-Gee/publication/334812929_An_Extinct_Transitional_Leaf_Genus_of_Nymphaeaceae_from_the_Eocene_Lake_at_Messel_Germany_Nuphaea_engelhardtii_Gee_et_David_W_Taylor_gen_et_sp_nov/links/5e344e9b92851c7f7f119674/An-Extinct-Transitional-Leaf-Genus-of-Nymphaeaceae-from-the-Eocene-Lake-at-Messel-Germany-Nuphaea-engelhardtii-Gee-et-David-W-Taylor-gen-et-sp-nov.pdf "An Extinct Transitional Leaf Genus of Nymphaeaceae from the Eocene Lake at Messel, Germany: ''Nuphaea engelhardtii'' Gee et David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov."] ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'', 180(7), 724-736.</ref> ''[[Susiea]]'' from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora of North Dakota, USA,<ref>Taylor, W., DeVore, M. L., & Pigg, K. B. (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathleen-Pigg/publication/242342941_Susiea_newsalemae_gen_et_sp_nov_Nymphaeaceae_Euryale_-like_Seeds_from_the_Late_Paleocene_Almont_Flora_North_Dakota_USA/links/00b7d51ebd00e5e9d3000000/Susiea-newsalemae-gen-et-sp-nov-Nymphaeaceae-Euryale-like-Seeds-from-the-Late-Paleocene-Almont-Flora-North-Dakota-USA.pdf "''Susiea newsalemae'' gen. et sp. nov.(Nymphaeaceae): ''Euryale''-like seeds from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora, North Dakota, USA."] International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(6), 1271-1278.</ref> and ''[[Barclayopsis]]'' from the Maastrichtian of Eisleben, Germany.<ref>''Barclayopsis urceolata'' Erv. Knobl., Mai. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=8DEE67A3-FE1B-58F6-36B6-215B7189280B</ref>