Editing Nuremberg trials (section)

===Judges and prosecutors===
In early 1946, there were a thousand employees from the four countries' delegations in Nuremberg, of which about two thirds were from the United States.{{sfn|Mouralis|2019|p=21}} Besides legal professionals, there were many social-science researchers, psychologists, translators, and interpreters, and [[graphic designer]]s, the last to make the many charts used during the trial.{{sfn|Mouralis|2019|p=22}} Each state appointed a prosecution team and two judges, one being a deputy without voting rights.{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|pp=2, 112}}{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=100}}

Jackson was appointed the United States' chief prosecutor, whom historian [[Kim Christian Priemel]] describes as "a versatile politician and a remarkable orator, if not a great legal thinker".{{sfn|Priemel|2016|pp=71, 90}} The United States prosecution believed that [[Nazism]] was the product of a German deviation from the West (the ''[[Sonderweg]]'' thesis) and sought to correct this deviation with a trial that would serve both retributive and educational purposes.{{sfn|Priemel|2016|pp=3, 6}} As the largest delegation, it would take on the bulk of the prosecutorial effort.{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=91}} At Jackson's recommendation, the United States appointed judges [[Francis Biddle]] and [[John J. Parker|John Parker]].{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=90}} The British chief prosecutor was [[Hartley Shawcross]], [[Attorney General for England and Wales]], assisted by his predecessor [[David Maxwell Fyfe]].{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|pp=53, 73–74}}{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=88}}{{sfn|Sellars|2013|p=115}} Although the chief British judge, [[Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey|Sir Geoffrey Lawrence]] ([[Lord Justice of Appeal]]), was the nominal president of the tribunal, in practice Biddle exercised more authority.{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=90}}

The French prosecutor, [[François de Menthon]], had just overseen trials of the leaders of [[Vichy France]];{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|p=74}} he resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by [[Auguste Champetier de Ribes]].{{sfn|Gemählich|2019|loc=paragraph 10}} The French judges were [[Henri Donnedieu de Vabres]], a professor of criminal law, and deputy [[Robert Falco]], a judge of the [[Cour de Cassation]] who had represented France at the London Conference.{{sfn|Priemel|2016|pp=75, 89}}{{sfn|Gemählich|2019|loc=paragraph 10}} The French government tried to appoint staff who were not tainted by collaboration with the Vichy regime; some appointments, including Champetier de Ribes, were of those who had been in the [[French resistance]].{{sfn|Gemählich|2019|loc=paragraphs 11–12}}{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=87}}{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|p=204}} Expecting a show trial, the Soviet Union{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|p=9}} initially appointed as chief prosecutor [[Iona Nikitchenko]], who had presided over the Moscow trials, but he was made a judge and replaced by [[Roman Rudenko]], a show trial prosecutor{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|pp=9, 78}} chosen for his skill as an orator.{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|p=217}} The Soviet judges and prosecutors were not permitted to make any major decisions without consulting a commission in Moscow led by Soviet politician [[Andrei Vyshinsky]]; the resulting delays hampered the Soviet effort to set the agenda.{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|p=9}}{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=90}} The influence of the Soviet delegation was also constrained by limited English proficiency, lack of interpreters, and unfamiliarity with diplomacy and international institutions.{{sfn|Hirsch|2020|pp=88–89}}

Requests by [[Chaim Weizmann]], the president of the [[World Zionist Organization]], as well as the [[Provisional Government of National Unity]] in Poland, for an active role in the trial justified by their representation of victims of Nazi crimes were rejected.{{sfn|Priemel|2016|p=117}} The Soviet Union invited prosecutors from its allies, including Poland, [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]], and [[Yugoslavia]]; Denmark and Norway also sent a delegation.{{sfn|Fleming|2022|p=209}} Although the Polish delegation was not empowered to intervene in the proceedings, it submitted evidence and an indictment, succeeding at drawing some attention to crimes committed against Polish Jews and non-Jews.{{sfn|Fleming|2022|pp=209, 220}}