Editing Northern lapwing (section)

==Population decline==
National surveys of [[England]] and [[Wales]] have shown a population decline between 1987 and 1998, and since 2009 the northern lapwing has had red list conservation status in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lapwing ''Vanellus vanellus'' |work=Breeding Birds in the Wider Countryside |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |url=https://www.bto.org/birdtrends2010/wcrlapwi.shtml |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The numbers of this species have been adversely affected by intensive agricultural techniques. In the [[lowland]]s this includes the loss of rough grassland, conversion to [[Arable land|arable]] or improved grassland, loss of mixed farms, and switch from spring- to autumn-sown crops. In the uplands, the losses may have been due to increases in [[grazing]] density. [[Natural England]] gives grant aid to help restore lapwing habitat within its [[Environmental Stewardship]] Scheme. The organisation suggests an option within this scheme called 'Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds'. Uncropped plots at least {{convert|2|ha|acre|abbr=on}} in size provide nesting habitat and are located in suitable arable fields, which provide additional foraging habitat. Locating the plots within {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} of extensively grazed grassland will provide additional foraging habitat. The plots are cultivated in the spring to produce a rough fallow, which is retained without the input of fertiliser or pesticides.<ref name=BTO/> In addition to agricultural intensification and land-use change, predation of nests and chicks contributes to wader declines, including of lapwing. By radio-tagging lapwing chicks, and using automatic radio tracking systems, the timing of chick predation can be revealed, which provides additional insights into the importance of different predators. Lapwing chicks are predated both in the day and at night, with mammalian predators having the greatest impact.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=L. R. |last2=Smart |first2=J. |last3=Drewitt |first3=A. L. |year=2018 |title=Tracking day and night provides insights into the relative importance of different wader chick predators |journal=Ibis |doi=10.1111/ibi.12523 |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=71–88}}</ref>

In [[Armenia]], the population decline and loss of breeding habitats was also documented; the threats are thought to be intensification of land use and hunting, but further investigations for threat clarification are required.<ref name=ABCC/> In the [[Middle East]], the northern lapwing is threatened by overhunting as it is shot in large quantities along its winter migration routes. Several photos surfacing from the region show many Northern lapwings, alongside other migratory birds including the threatened [[European turtle dove]] and [[European golden-plover]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://worldwaders.wordpress.com/tag/northern-lapwing/ | title= WorldWaders| date= 3 May 2013}}</ref>