Editing Newcastle upon Tyne (section)

===Middle Ages===
Throughout the [[Middle Ages]], Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland for administrative purposes<ref name="self57567"/><ref name="sepNewc"/><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> and made a [[county of itself]] by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]].<ref name="self57567">{{Cite book | last = Lewis | first = Samuel | chapter = Newbottle - Newcastle-upon-Tyne |title= A Topographical Dictionary of England | quote = separated from Northumberland, and made a county of itself, by Henry IV  |publisher = British History Online | year = 1848 | chapter-url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp379-389a | access-date = 13 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="sepNewc">{{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp601-611#p14 | title = The Corporation: Grants and charters |work=Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | date = 1827 | via = British History Online | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent |location= Newcastle-upon-Tyne  | access-date = 1 May 2017
| quote = in 1400, by a charter, granted that Newcastle upon Tyne,... then belonging to the county of Northumberland, should be separated from thence, and be a county of itself}}</ref><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland>{{cite web |url=http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27city%20council%27)AND(RefNo=%27md.nc%27)) |title=Newcastle City Council |publisher=Tyne & Wear Archives & Museum |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805205028/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27city%20council%27)AND(RefNo=%27md.nc%27)) }}</ref><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.<ref name="sepNewc2">{{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp601-611#p14 | title = The Corporation: Grants and charters |work=Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | date = 1827 | via = British History Online | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent |location= Newcastle-upon-Tyne  | access-date = 1 May 2017
| quote = title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne }}</ref> The town had a new charter granted by [[Elizabeth I]] in 1589.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51171 Newbottle – Newcastle-upon-Tyne] British History Online – Retrieved 18 August 2009.</ref> A {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} stone [[Newcastle town wall|wall]] was built around the town in the 13th century,<ref name=newc13thcent>{{cite web | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | title = Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne | website = british-history.ac.uk | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent, Newcastle-upon-Tyne | year = 1827 | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp105-117 | access-date = 20 April 2015}}</ref> to defend it from invaders during the [[Border country|Border]] war against Scotland. The Scots king [[William the Lion]] was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] brought the [[Stone of Scone]] and [[William Wallace]] south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.<ref name="self57567"/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400>{{cite web|url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114838/https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2018
| title=History of Newcastle upon Tyne|access-date=7 June 2014|year=2009|work=Local Studies Factsheet No. 6|publisher=Newcastle City Council|page=2}}</ref>