Editing New Orleans (section)

===United States territorial era===
{{Main|Louisiana Purchase|Territory of Orleans|Dominican Creoles}}
[[File:Handover ceremony of Lousiana.jpg|thumb|Flag raising in the [[Jackson Square (New Orleans)|Place d'Armes]] (now Jackson Square), New Orleans, after the [[Louisiana Purchase]], marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States, December 20, 1803]]

The [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso]] in 1800 restored [[French First Republic|French]] control of New Orleans and Louisiana, but [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] sold both to the United States in the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/louisiana-lewis-clark/the-louisiana-purchase/ |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Monticello |language=en |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321075505/https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/louisiana-purchase |url-status=live }}</ref> Thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, [[French people|French]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] and [[Demographics of Africa|Africans]]. Later immigrants were [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Germans]], [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Italians]]. Major [[commodity crops]] of [[sugar cane|sugar]] and [[cotton]] were cultivated with [[Slavery in the United States|slave]] labor on nearby large [[Plantations in the American South|plantations]].

Between 1791 and 1810, thousands of [[Saint Dominicans|St. Dominican]] [[refugee]]s from the [[Haitian Revolution]], both [[White people|whites]] and [[free people of color]] (''affranchis'' or ''gens de couleur libres''), arrived in New Orleans; a number brought their slaves with them, many of whom were native Africans or of full-blood descent.<ref name="Lachance1988">{{cite journal |title=The 1809 Immigration of Saint-Domingue Refugees to New Orleans: Reception, Integration and Impact |first=Paul F. |last=Lachance |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=29 |number=2 |year=1988 |page=110 |jstor=4232650}}</ref> While Governor [[William C.C. Claiborne|Claiborne]] and other officials wanted to keep out additional [[Free negro|free black]] people, the French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. In addition to bolstering the territory's French-speaking population, these refugees had a significant impact on the culture of Louisiana, including developing its sugar industry and cultural institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Road to Louisiana: The Saint-Domingue Refugees 1792–1809 |editor1-last=Brasseaux |editor1-first=Carl A. |editor1-link=Carl A. Brasseaux |editor2-last=Conrad |editor2-first=Glenn R. |publisher=University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press |year=2016 |location=Lafayette, Louisiana |isbn=9781935754602 |url=https://ulpress.org/products/the-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809 |access-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813222610/https://ulpress.org/products/the-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As more refugees were allowed into the [[Territory of Orleans]], [[Saint Dominicans|St. Dominican]] refugees who had first gone to [[Cuba]] also arrived.<ref name="AAM"/> Many of the white [[Geographical distribution of French speakers|Francophones]] had been deported by officials in Cuba in 1809 as retaliation for [[Bonapartist]] schemes.{{sfn|Gitlin |2009|p= 54}} Nearly 90 percent of these immigrants settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of color (of [[mixed-race]] European and African descent), and 3,226 slaves of primarily African descent, doubling the city's population. The city became 63 percent black, a greater proportion than [[Charleston, South Carolina]]'s 53 percent at that time.<ref name="AAM">[http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=5&topic=3 "Haitian Immigration: 18th & 19th Centuries"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141448/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=5&topic=3 |date=June 12, 2018 }}, ''In Motion: African American Migration Experience'', New York Public Library, accessed May 7, 2008</ref>

====Slave rebellion ====
On January 8–11, 1811, about 500 enslaved Africans in St. Charles and St. John the Baptist parishes rose up in the [[1811 German Coast uprising|German Coast rebellion]] against their enslavers, killing two white men in the process. They proceeded to march south toward New Orleans and were eventually controlled by the local militia, with numerous casualties on both sides.
The uprising has been called the "largest slave rebellion in US history."<ref>{{cite book |last=Rasmussen |first=Daniel |title= American Uprising: The Untold Story of America's Largest Slave Revolt |year=2012 |publisher=Harper Potential |isbn=9780061995224 |access-date= }}</ref>