Editing New Mexico (section)

===Nuevo México===
==== New Spain era ====

{{Main| Seven Golden Cities of Cibola|Santa Fe de Nuevo México}}
{{see also|Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche}}
[[File:Flickr - USCapitol - Po’pay Statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Popé]], leader of the [[Pueblo Revolt|Pueblo Revolt of 1680.]] The statue, entitled [[Po'pay (Fragua)|Po'pay]], is among two statues depicting New Mexicans at the [[United States Capitol]] [[National Statuary Hall Collection]], the other being [[Dennis Chávez]].]]

Aztec legends of a prosperous empire to their north became the primary basis for the mythical [[Seven Cities of Gold]], which spurred exploration by Spanish [[conquistador]]s following their [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|conquest of the Aztecs]] in the early 16th century; prominent explorers included [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], [[Andrés Dorantes de Carranza]], [[Alonso del Castillo Maldonado]], [[Estevanico]], and [[Marcos de Niza]].

The settlement of ''[[Santa Fe, New Mexico|La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís]]'' — modern day Santa Fe – was established by [[Pedro de Peralta]] as a more permanent capital at the foot of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] in 1610.<ref name="Simmons Last Conquistador">{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Mark |title=The Last Conquistador: Juan De Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |year=1991 |isbn=978-0806123684}}</ref>{{Rp|182}} Towards the end of the 17th century, the [[Pueblo Revolt]] drove out the Spanish and occupied these early cities for over a decade.<ref name="archaeology.org">{{Cite web |title=The First American Revolution - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/249-1703/features/5301-new-mexico-pueblo-revolt |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.archaeology.org |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119005838/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/249-1703/features/5301-new-mexico-pueblo-revolt |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of Pueblo leader [[Popé]], [[Diego de Vargas]] restored the area to Spanish rule,<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|68–75}} with Puebloans offered greater cultural and religious liberties.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060327110222/http://www.class.uh.edu/gl/mav1.htm Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico]. Source: C. W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773, vol. III [Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1937] pp. 327–335.</ref><ref>''The Pueblo Revolt of 1680:Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico'', By, Andrew L. Knaut, University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1995</ref><ref name="Murphy 2000" />{{rp|6, 48}} Returning settlers founded ''[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|La Villa de Alburquerque]]'' in 1706 at [[Old Town Albuquerque]] as a trading center for existing surrounding communities such as [[Barelas]], [[Pueblo of Isleta|Isleta]], [[Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico|Los Ranchos]], and [[Sandia Pueblo|Sandia]];<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|84}} it was named for the viceroy of New Spain, [[Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/foundingabq.html |title=The Founding of Albuquerque{{snd}}The Albuquerque Museum |access-date=October 12, 2008 |publisher=City of Albuquerque |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529004544/http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/foundingabq.html |archive-date=May 29, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Governor [[Francisco Cuervo y Valdés]] established the villa in [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|Tiguex]] to provide [[free trade]] access and facilitate cultural exchange in the region.

Beyond forging better relations with the Pueblos, governors were forbearing in their approach to the indigenous peoples, such as was with governor [[Tomás Vélez Cachupín]];<ref name="Simmons 2012">{{cite web | last=Simmons | first=Marc | title=Trail Dust: Governor showed foresight, fortitude against Comanches | website=Santa Fe New Mexican | date=May 18, 2012 | url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/trail-dust-governor-showed-foresight-fortitude-against-comanches/article_b22c435d-6f52-579a-a8dc-d4e587e1f699.html | access-date=December 16, 2022 | archive-date=December 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216192739/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/trail-dust-governor-showed-foresight-fortitude-against-comanches/article_b22c435d-6f52-579a-a8dc-d4e587e1f699.html | url-status=live }}</ref> the comparatively large reservations in New Mexico and [[Arizona]] are partly a legacy of Spanish treaties recognizing indigenous land claims in Nuevo México.<ref name="NMHR Vol 80 Num 1 Art 4">{{cite web | title=The Climax of Conflicts with Native Americans in New Mexico: Spanish and Mexican Antecedents to U.S. Treaty Making during the U.S.-Mexico War, 1846–1848 | website=New Mexico Historical Review | date=January 1, 2001 | url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2307&context=nmhr | access-date=November 15, 2022 | quote=American policy swiftly sought to reenact Hispano and Nativo peace treaties "Domestic and imperial reforms finally provided peace treaties during the last quarter of the eighteenth century." "Apaches, Navajos, and Comanches to sue for peace in 1775 and 1786. In return for annual gifts, food rations, horses, and supplies, warriors promised to honor these long-sought peace treaties." "Pueblos, the Comanche, Ute, and Navajo nations enlisted in Spanish armies as auxiliaries against defiant Apaches." "Implicit in these treaties were Spanish assurances that the king would protect each tribe from the others" "The Spanish responded by counterattacking in great strength at Canyon de Chelly, a principal Navajo sanctuary, resulting in the chieftains' request for peace. Signed on 12 May 1805 at Jemez Pueblo, the peace treaty featured a Navajo promise that the nation would not claim.the. Cebolleta area" "Navajos seemed to comply with treaty terms, even turning over criminals to the governor." | archive-date=October 4, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130709/https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2307&context=nmhr | url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, relations between the various indigenous groups and Spanish settlers remained nebulous and complex, varying from trade and commerce to cultural assimilation and intermarriage to total warfare. During most of the 18th century, raids by [[Navajo]], [[Apache]], and especially [[Comanche]] inhibited the growth and prosperity of the New Mexico. The region's harsh environment and remoteness, surrounded by hostile Native Americans, fostered a greater degree of self-reliance, as well as pragmatic cooperation, between the [[Pueblo people]]s and colonists. Many indigenous communities enjoyed a large measure of autonomy well into the late 19th century due to the improved governance.

To encourage settlement in its vulnerable periphery, Spain awarded land grants to European settlers in Nuevo México; due to the scarcity of water throughout the region, the vast majority of colonists resided in the central valley of the Rio Grande and its tributaries. Most communities were walled enclaves consisting of adobe houses that opened onto a plaza, from which four streets ran outward to small, private agricultural plots and orchards; these were watered by ''[[acequia]]s,'' community owned and operated irrigation canals. Just beyond the wall was the ''[[ejido]]'', communal land for grazing, firewood, or recreation. By 1800, the population of New Mexico had reached 25,000 (not including indigenous inhabitants), far exceeding the territories of California and Texas.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411812/New-Mexico New Mexico (state)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930014044/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411812/New-Mexico |date=September 30, 2009 }}. ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia'''.</ref>

==== Mexico era ====
[[File: Santa Fe of New Mexico (location map scheme).svg|thumb|Territory of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] when it belonged to Mexico in 1824]]

As part of New Spain, the province of New Mexico became part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] in 1821 following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|109}} Upon its secession from Mexico in 1836, the [[Republic of Texas]] claimed the portion east of the [[Rio Grande]], based on the erroneous assumption that the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. The [[Texan Santa Fe Expedition]] was launched to seize the contested territory but failed with the capture and imprisonment of the entire army by the Hispanic New Mexico militia.

During the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the spine of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still claimed by France, which sold it in 1803 as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. In 1812, the U.S. reclassified the land as part of the [[Missouri Territory]]. This region of New Mexico (along with territory comprising present-day southeastern Colorado, the [[Texas Panhandle|Texas]] and [[Oklahoma Panhandle]]s, and southwestern [[Kansas]]) was ceded to Spain under the [[Adams-Onis Treaty]] in 1819.

When the [[First Mexican Republic]] began to transition into the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]], they began to centralize power ignoring the sovereignty of Santa Fe and disregarding Pueblo land rights. This led to the [[Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)|Chimayó Rebellion]] in 1837, led by ''[[genízaro]]'' José Gonzales.<ref name="Lecompte 1985 p.">{{cite book | last=Lecompte | first=Janet | title=Rebellion in Río Arriba, 1837 | publisher=University of New Mexico Press | publication-place=Albuquerque | date=1985 | isbn=0-8263-0800-7 | oclc=11549193 | language=de | page=}}</ref> The death of then governor [[Albino Pérez]] during the revolt, was met with further hostility. Though José Gonzales was executed due to his involvement in the governor's death, subsequent governors [[Manuel Armijo]] and [[Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid]] agreed with some of the underlying sentiment. This led to New Mexico becoming financially and politically tied to the U.S., and preferring trade along the [[Santa Fe Trail]].