Editing New Brunswick (section)

===Acadia and Nova Scotia (1604–1784)===
{{Main|Acadia|New France}}
[[Acadia]], a colonial division of [[New France]] covering the [[Maritime provinces|Maritimes]], was founded in 1604 by [[Samuel de Champlain]] and [[Pierre Dugua de Mons]] with a settlement on [[Saint Croix Island, Maine|Saint Croix Island]].{{cn|date=April 2025}} It was quickly abandoned due to difficult living conditions and moved to Acadia's capital, [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port-Royal]]. There, the Micmacs helped the French survive. In 1626, Port-Royal was destroyed by the British. The British conquered Acadia shortly after and held it until 1629. [[James VI and I]], King of Scotland, renamed it "Nova Scotia" in English.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

The Micmacs helped all French survivors, including [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour]]. Together, they established a [[fur trade]] network along the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]]. With the onset of the [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)]], de la Tour was issued a charter to govern Acadia.{{cn|date=April 2025}} In 1629, Acadia was officially returned to France. As such, a new wave of French settlers arrived in Port-Royal to revitalise the colony, including [[Isaac de Razilly]], a new [[governor of Acadia]], and [[Charles de Menou d'Aulnay]], his cousin. de Razilly and de la Tour's charters conflicted with each others',{{cn|date=April 2025}} but the two maintained an amicable relationship. In 1635, de Razilly died, triggering tensions between de la Tour, who governed from the Saint John valley, and d'Aulnay, who governed from Port-Royal. In the 1630s, this erupted into the [[Acadian Civil War]]. d'Aulnay managed to expel de la Tour in 1644. But, following d'Aulnay's death in 1650, de la Tour married his widow in 1653, essentially overturning his success.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Over time, French settlement extended up the river to the site of present-day [[Fredericton]]. Other settlements in the southeast extended from [[Beaubassin]], near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, to [[Baie Verte, New Brunswick|Baie Verte]], and up the [[Petitcodiac, New Brunswick|Petitcodiac]], [[Memramcook, New Brunswick|Memramcook]], and [[Shepody, New Brunswick|Shepody]] Rivers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Histoire des Acadiens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C |publisher=Les Editions Fides |date=1 January 2004 |isbn=9782762126136 |language=fr |first1=Bona |last1=Arsenault |first2=Pascal |last2=Alain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328002830/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C |archive-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> The descendants of Acadia's French colonists became the [[Acadians]]. Acadians developed a unique society characterised by dyking technology, which allowed them to cultivate marshes left by the [[Bay of Fundy]]'s tides, and by tightly knit independent communities, because they were often neglected by French authorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201202141/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1690s, in [[King William's War]], attacks were launched from the Saint John valley by [[Military history of the Acadians|Acadian militias]] onto New England colonists. This would create a deep English hostility against the French presence in the region.

From the 1600s to mid-1700s, Acadia was routinely a war zone between the French and the English and would often change hands. However, Acadia would definitively fall into British hands following [[Queen Anne's War]], a conquest of most of the Acadian peninsula, formalized by the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht of 1713]]. After the war, Acadia was reduced to Île Saint-Jean ([[Prince Edward Island]]) and [[Île-Royale (New France)|Île-Royale]] ([[Cape Breton Island]]), with the ownership of continental Acadia (New Brunswick) being disputed between France and Britain, with an informal border on the [[Isthmus of Chignecto]]. In an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia, the French built [[Fort Beauséjour]] at the isthmus in 1751. [[File:FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Beauséjour]] at the [[Isthmus of Chignecto]]. The French built the fort in 1751 in an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia.]]

From 1749 to 1755, [[Father Le Loutre's War]] took place, where British soldiers fought against Acadians and Micmacs to consolidate their power over Acadia/Nova Scotia. In 1755, the British [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|captured Fort Beauséjour]], severing the Acadian supply lines to Nova Scotia, and Île-Royale. Continental Acadia thus came to be incorporated into the British colony of Nova Scotia with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763. Following this, the British, unsatisfied with the Acadian's surrender because they refused to pledge allegiance, turned to capturing and exporting Acadians en masse, an [[ethnic cleansing]] event known as the [[Deportation of the Acadians]] which was ordered by [[Robert Monckton]]. From 1755 to 1763, 12,000 Acadians out of 18,000 were forcefully deported to various locations around the world, though 8000 died before arrival. The remaining 6000 Acadians escaped the British by fleeing North to the present ''[[Acadia (region)|Acadia]]'', or to [[Canada (New France)|Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Acadian Expulsion (the Great Upheaval) {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809191748/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1755 to 1757, most Acadians were deported to the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. From 1758 to 1762, most were sent to France. Between 1763 and 1785, many deported Acadians relocated to join their compatriots in [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. Their descendants became [[Cajuns]]. In the 1780s and 1790s, some Acadians returned to Acadia, and discovered several thousand English immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands.<ref name="hc">{{cite web |title=New Brunswick |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/ |website=[[Historica Canada]] |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213134748/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/ |archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La déportation, la migration et le rétablissement des Acadiens - Canadian-American Center - University of Maine |url=https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/la-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Canadian-American Center |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219150521/https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/la-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1700s, the British began to make efforts to colonise the region, mostly by importing colonists from New England. Before the American Revolution, these colonists were called [[New England Planters|planters]]. After the revolution, the colonists were called [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalists]], because only those loyal to the British crown settled in Nova Scotia. In 1766, planters from Pennsylvania founded [[Moncton]], and English settlers from [[Yorkshire]] arrived in the [[Sackville, New Brunswick|Sackville]] area. In the 1770s, 10,000 loyalists settled along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPlvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |title=American Loyalists to New Brunswick: The ship passenger lists |publisher=Formac Publishing Company |year=2015 |isbn=9781459503991 |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231140835/https://books.google.com/books?id=MPlvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1783, both [[Saint Andrews, New Brunswick|Saint Andrews]] and [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] were founded.