Editing Neva (section)

===Topography and hydrography===
The Neva flows out of Lake Ladoga near [[Shlisselburg]], flows through Neva's lowlands and discharges into the [[Baltic Sea]] in the [[Gulf of Finland]]. It has a length of {{convert|74|km|mi}}, and the shortest distance from the source to the mouth is {{convert|45|km|mi}}. The river banks are low and steep, on average about {{convert|3|to|6|m|ft|0}} and {{convert|2|to|3|m|ft|0}} at the mouth. There are three sharp turns: the Ivanovskye rapids, at Nevsky Forest Park of the Ust-Slavyanka region (the so-called "Crooked Knee"), and near the [[Smolny Institute]], below the mouth of the river [[Okhta]].<ref name=SPBe /> The river declines {{convert|4.27|m|ft}} in elevation between source and mouth.<ref name="Neva2" /> At one point the river crosses a [[moraine]] ridge and forms the Ivanovskye rapids. There, at the beginning of the rapids, is the narrowest part of the river: {{convert|210|m|ft}}. The average flow rate in the rapids is about {{convert|0.8–1.1|m/s|ft/s}}. The average width along the river is {{convert|400|to|600|m|ft}}. The widest places, at {{convert|1000|to|1250|m|ft}}, are in the delta, near the gates of the marine trading port, at the end of the Ivanovskye rapids near the confluence of the river Tosna, and near the island Fabrinchny near the source. The average depth is {{convert|8|to|11|m|ft}}; the maximum of {{convert|24|m|ft}} is reached above the [[Liteyny Bridge]], and the minimum of {{convert|4.0|to|4.5|m|ft|0}} is in Ivanovskye rapids.<ref name=Geogr2>{{cite book |author = Darinskii, A.V. |title = География Ленинграда|trans-title= Geography of Leningrad |publisher = Lenizdat |year = 1982 |pages = 34–45}}</ref>

In the Neva basin, rainfall greatly exceeds evaporation; the latter accounts for only 37.7&nbsp;percent of the water consumption from the Neva and the remaining 62.3&nbsp;percent is water runoff.<ref name=a59>{{cite book |title = Ленинград. Историко-географический атлас|trans-title= Leningrad. Historical atlas|location = Moscow |publisher = Main Office of Geodesy and Cartography under the [[Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)|Council of Ministers of the USSR]] |year = 1981 |page = 59}}</ref> Since 1859, the largest volume of {{convert|116|km3|mi3|lk=out}} was observed in 1924 and the lowest in 1900 at {{convert|40.2|km3|mi3}}.<ref name =SPBe/> The average annual discharge is {{convert|78.9|km3|mi3}} or {{convert|2500|m3/s|cuft/s}} on average.<ref name="Neva2">{{cite book|author= Nezhihovsky, R.A.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SqcgAQAAMAAJ|trans-title= Neva River and Neva Bay|title= Река Нева и Невская губа|publisher= Gidrometeoizdat|year= 1981|access-date= 25 October 2015|archive-date= 10 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230410073956/https://books.google.com/books?id=SqcgAQAAMAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref> Due to the uniform water flow from Lake Ladoga to the Neva over the whole year, there are almost no floods and corresponding water rise in the spring. The Neva freezes throughout from early December to early April. The ice thickness is {{convert|0.3|to|0.4|m|ft|1}} within Saint Petersburg and {{convert|0.5|to|0.6|m|ft}} in other areas. Ice congestion may form in winter in the upper reaches of the river, this sometimes causes upstream floods. Of the total ice volume of Lake Ladoga, {{convert|10.6|km3|mi3}}, less than 5&nbsp;percent enters the Neva.<ref name=a59/> The average summer water temperature is {{convert|17|to|20|C|F}}, and the swimming season lasts only about 1.5 months. The water is fresh, with medium turbidity; the average salinity is 61.3&nbsp;mg/L and the [[calcium bicarbonate]] content is 7&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name=SPBe/>

{| Class = "wikitable"
|+ Average [[streamflow]]. Values in brackets are percentage of the annual values.<ref name=a59/>
! Quantity
! April to June <br />
! July to September <br />
! October to November <br />
! December to March <br />
! Total
|-
| Runoff, km<sup>3</sup>|| 22.7 (28.5%)|| 23.5 (29.4%)|| 14.1 (17.7%)|| 19.4 (24.4%)|| 79.7
|-
| Suspended sediment, [[Ton|kt]]|| 162 (31.7%)|| 136 (26.7%)|| 143 (28.0%)|| 69 (13.6%)|| 510
|-
| Bottom sediments, kt|| 26.5 (40.8%)|| 15.8 (24.3%)|| 21.3 (32.7%)|| 1.4 ( 2.2%)|| 65.0
|-
| Ions runoff, kt|| 735 (25.6%)|| 729 (25.4%)|| 712 (24.8%)|| 694 (24.2%)|| 2870
|-
| Heat sink, 10<sup>15</sup> [[Calorie|cal]]|| 168 (28.4%)|| 359 (60.7%)|| 63 (10.7%)|| 1 (0.2%)|| 591
|-
|  Ice runoff, km<sup>3</sup>|| 0.57 (81.4%)|| –|| 0.13 (18.6%)|| –|| 0.7
|}

{| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
| style="width:25%;"|[[File:Опоры моста в устье Староладожского канала.jpg|center|280px]]
| style="width:25%;"|[[File:Ust Izhora 17.jpg|center|177px]]
| style="width:25%;"|[[File:Peter the Great bridge in context.jpg|center|177px]]
| style="width:25%;"|[[File:Sankt-Petěrburg, řeka Něva.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
|View of the mouth of the [[Ladoga Canal]] and the Neva
|The Neva at the mouth of the [[Izhora]]
|The Neva near the [[Peter the Great Bridge]]
| View from the [[Trinity Bridge (Saint Petersburg)|Trinity Bridge]]
 |}