Editing Neurosis (section)

=== 1939–1952 ===
Followers of Freud's [[Psychoanalytic theory|psychoanalytic]] thinking, such as [[Jung's theory of neurosis|Carl Jung]], [[Karen Horney]], and [[Jacques Lacan]], continued to discuss the concept of neurosis after Freud's death in 1939. The term continues to be used in the Freudian sense in psychology and philosophy.<ref name="Russon_2003">{{cite book| vauthors = Russon J |title=Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2003|isbn=0-7914-5754-0|author-link=John Russon}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jacobson_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobson K | title = The interpersonal expression of human spatiality: a phenomenological interpretation of anorexia nervosa. | journal = [[Chiasmi International]] | date = 2006 | pages = 157–174 | doi = 10.5840/chiasmi2006824}}</ref>

By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions&nbsp;– about 15% of all pensioned disabilities&nbsp;– and another 44,000 or so were getting pensions for "soldier's heart" or [[Effort Syndrome|effort syndrome]]. British historian [[Ben Shephard (historian)|Ben Shephard]] notes, "There is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg."<ref name="shephard">[[Ben Shephard (English historian)|Shephard, Ben]]. ''A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists, 1914–1994''. London: Jonathan Cape, 2000. {{ISBN?}} {{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref>

Approximately 20% of U.S. troops displayed symptoms of [[combat stress reaction]] during [[World War II|WWII]] (1939-1945). It was assumed to be a temporary response of healthy individuals to witnessing or experiencing traumatic events. Symptoms included depression, anxiety, withdrawal, confusion, paranoia, and sympathetic hyperactivity.<ref name="Bryant_2000">{{cite book | vauthors = Bryant R, Harvey A |title=Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook Of Theory, Assessment, And Treatment |publisher=American Psychological Association |year=2000 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=3–40, 87–134}}</ref> [[Thomas William Salmon|Thomas W. Salmon]]'s battle neurosis principles were adopted by the U.S. forces during this conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=PTSD from Armistice Day to DSM-5 - VA News |url=https://news.va.gov/10827/ptsd-from-armistice-day-to-dsm-5/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=news.va.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[The American Journal of Psychoanalysis]] was founded by Karen Horney in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=American Journal of Psychoanalysis |url=https://amjpa.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

1942 saw American psychologist [[Carl Rogers]] publish the handbook ''Counseling and Psychotherapy'', which established his school of [[person-centered therapy]].

Austrian psychiatrist [[Otto Fenichel]]'s encyclopaedic textbook ''The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis'' (1945) set the post-war Freudian orthodoxy on the subject. It has been heavily cited by academic papers in the years since.
[[File:Karen Horney 1938.jpg|thumb|[[Karen Horney]] developed the psychoanalytic understanding of neurosis through a series of books and by establishing a journal.]]
Karen Horney's ''Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory of Neurosis'' (1945) was a popular book on the topic.

The post-World War II boom in the number of patient-treating psychologists in the United States led to a major restructure of the [[American Psychological Association]] in 1945. [[Carl Rogers]] became its president in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former APA Presidents |url=https://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/former-presidents |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

Austrian psychiatrist [[Viktor Frankl]]'s best selling book ''[[Man's Search for Meaning]]'' (1946) launched the psychotherapy school of [[logotherapy]].<!-- More here. -->

For his 1947 book, ''Dimensions of Personality'', German-British psychologist [[Hans Eysenck]] created the term "[[neuroticism]]" to refer to someone whose "constitution may leave them liable to break down [emotionally] with the slightest provocation".<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ |url= http://archive.org/details/dimensionsofpers0000hjey_e0a7 |title=dimensions of personality |date=1950 |publisher=routledge & kegan paul limited |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> The book outlines a two-factor theory of personality, with neuroticism as one of those two factors. This book would be greatly influential on future personality theory.

Karen Horney's ''[[Neurosis and Human Growth]]'' (1950) further expanded the understanding of neuroses.

French-Swiss psychologist [[Germaine Guex]]'s 1950 book ''La névrose d'abandon'' proposed the existence of the condition of "abandonment neurosis". It also detailed all the forms of treatment Geux had found effective in treating it. (It was published in English as ''The Abandonment Neurosis'' in 2015).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Guex G | translator-last = Douglass PD | veditors = Kahr B, Rudnytski PL |title = The Abandonment Neurosis |date=2015 |publisher=Karnac Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-78220-191-5 | series = The History of Psychoanalysis Series | url = https://www.routledge.com/The-Abandonment-Neurosis/Guex/p/book/9781782201915}}</ref>

In October 1951, the now highly influential [[Carl Rogers]] presented a paper in which he described the relationship between neurosis and his understanding of effective therapy. He wrote:<blockquote>The emotionally maladjusted person, the "neurotic", is in difficulty first because communication within himself has broken down, and second because as a result of this his communication with others has been damaged. If this sounds somewhat strange, then let me put it in other terms. In the "neurotic" individual, parts of himself which have been termed unconscious, or repressed, or denied to awareness, become blocked off so that they no longer communicate themselves to the conscious or managing part of himself... The task of psychotherapy is to help the person achieve, through a special relationship with the therapist, good communication within himself.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogers CR |title=Communication: Its Blocking and Its Facilitation |journal=ETC |date=1952 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–88 |jstor=42581028 }}</ref></blockquote>The [[North American Society of Adlerian Psychology]] was established in 1952,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NASAP |url=https://www.alfredadler.org/about-nasap |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=North American Society for Adlerian Psychology |language=en-US}}</ref> becoming the predominant society of its cause in the world.