Editing Netball (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of netball}}

Netball's early development emerged from [[Clara Baer]]'s misinterpretation of the early rules of [[James Naismith]]'s new sport of [[basketball]], and eventually evolved into its own sport. Basketball, invented in 1891, was initially played indoors between two teams of nine players, using an [[association football (ball)|association football]] that was thrown into closed-end peach baskets.<ref name=GrundyShackelford>{{harvnb|Grundy|Shackelford|2007|p=13}}</ref> Naismith's game spread quickly across the United States and variations of the rules soon emerged.

At the same time, [[physical education]] instructor [[Senda Berenson]] developed modified rules for women in 1892. Berenson's rules eventually gave rise to [[women's basketball]], and separate intercollegiate rules for basketball for men and women developed around the same time.<ref name=JoblingBarham-30>{{cite journal |last1=Jobling |first1=Ian |last2=Barham |first2=Pamela |title=The Development of Netball and the All-Australia Women's Basketball Association (AAWBBA): 1891–1939 |journal=Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=November 1991|pages=30–48 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/1991/st0801/st0801e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161344/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/1991/st0801/st0801e.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Clara Baer]] was a sports teacher living in [[New Orleans]] when she wrote to Naismith asking for a copy of the rules for his game of basketball. Once she received them, they included a diagram of the court with lines across it which were meant to show the areas various players could best patrol. She misinterpreted the lines and believed they marked out restricted areas of play which players could not leave. Her mistake marks the beginning of netball. Baer's version for the rules of women's basketball defined these areas as restricted zones, an error which then became ratified into the rules for women's basketball in 1899 and proliferated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://netball.sport/game/history-of-netball |title=History of netball |website=netball.sport|author= |date= |access-date=26 May 2022|publisher=World Netball|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:1910 Bournville Club Netball.jpg|thumb|right|Women in [[Netball in England|England]] playing netball on a grass court, 1910]]
[[Martina Bergman-Österberg]] introduced a version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at the Physical Training College in [[Hampstead]], London.<ref name=McIntosh-292>{{harvnb|McIntosh|1968|p=292}}</ref> The rules of the game were modified at the college over several years: the game moved outdoors and was played on grass; the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; and in 1897 and 1899, rules from women's basketball in the United States were incorporated.<ref name=JoblingBarham-30/><ref name=aena-13>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|1976|p=13}}</ref> Österberg's new sport acquired the name "net ball".<ref name=EnglandNetball-History>{{cite web |author=England Netball |title=History of England Netball (1891–2008) |url=http://www.englandnetball.co.uk/about-england-netball/history_of_england_netball |access-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151135/https://www.englandnetball.co.uk/about-england-netball/history_of_england_netball |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association, later the [[Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="Taylor-2001">{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Tracy |title=Gendering Sport: The Development of Netball in Australia |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/2001/st1801/ST1801i.pdf |journal=Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History |volume=18 |issue=1 |date=November 2001 |pages=57–74 |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402011719/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/2001/st1801/ST1801i.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=TheSportsBook165>{{harvnb|Summers|2007|p=165}}</ref> From England, netball spread to other countries in the [[British Empire]]. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in [[Netball in Australia|Australia]] around 1900 and in [[Netball in New Zealand|New Zealand]] from 1906,<ref name="Taylor-2001"/><ref name=NNZ-History>{{cite web |author=Netball New Zealand |title=History |url=http://www.mynetball.co.nz/netball-nz/about-netball/111-history.html |date=3 August 2009 |access-date=8 March 2011 }}</ref> while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.<ref name=JNA-History>{{cite web |author=Jamaica Netball Association |title=The History of Netball |url=http://jamaicanetball.org.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=74 |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318105216/http://www.jamaicanetball.org.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=74 |archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Netball NZ 1920s.jpg|thumb|left|A goal is scored at a women's netball game in [[Netball in New Zealand|New Zealand]], circa 1920s.]]
From the start, it was considered socially appropriate for women to play netball; netball's restricted movement appealed to contemporary notions of women's participation in sports, and the sport was distinct from potential rival male sports.<ref name="Taylor-2001"/><ref name=McCrone-148149>{{harvnb|McCrone|1988|pp=148–9}}</ref> Netball became a popular [[women's sport]] in countries where it was introduced and spread rapidly through school systems. School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century,<ref name=School-Sport>{{cite web |author=School Sport Australia |title=Netball |url=http://www.schoolsport.edu.au/about/sportinfo/netball.aspx |year=2011 |access-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309011101/https://www.schoolsport.edu.au/about/sportinfo/netball.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2011}}</ref><ref name=ifna-2010e>{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=Netball Weekly Roundup |url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=441 |date=10 December 2010e |access-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314004800/http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=441 |archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> and in 1924 the first national governing body was established in New Zealand.<ref name=NNZ-History/> International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. [[Australia national netball team|Australia]] hosted [[New Zealand national netball team|New Zealand]] in the first international game of netball in [[Melbourne]] on 20 August 1938; Australia won 40–11.<ref name=NNZ-History/> Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later the [[International Netball Federation]] (INF), was formed to administer the sport worldwide.<ref name=INF-History>{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=About IFNA |url=http://www.netball.org/ifna.aspx |access-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308132327/http://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx |archive-date=8 March 2011}}</ref>

Representatives from England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the West Indies were part of a 1960 meeting in Sri Lanka that standardised the rules for the game.<ref name=ifna-2008>{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |date=15 June 2008 |title=History of Netball |url=http://www.netball.org/Netball.aspx?id=18 |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306141537/http://www.netball.org/netball.aspx?id=18 |archive-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> The game spread to other African countries in the 1970s.<ref name=Massoa-120>{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2002|p=120}}</ref><ref name=BNSC-2011>{{Cite news |author=BNSC |title=Botswana Netball Association |publisher=BNSC |url=http://www.bnsc.co.bw/bnsc-sports.php?sports_name=10 |date=11 May 2011 |access-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162755/http://www.bnsc.co.bw/bnsc-sports.php?sports_name=10 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> South Africa was prohibited from competing internationally from 1969 to 1994 due to [[apartheid]].<ref name=Keim-33>{{harvnb|Keim|2003|p=33}}</ref><ref name=Booth-99>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=99}}</ref> In the United States, Netball's popularity also increased during the 1970s, particularly in the New York area, and the [[United States of America Netball Association]] was created in 1992.<ref name=USNA-2010b>{{cite web |author =United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc. |publisher =[[United States of America Netball Association]] |title =History of the USANA |url =http://www.usanetball.org/AboutUs/HistoryOfUSANA.aspx |year =2010 |access-date =13 March 2011 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110316173739/http://www.usanetball.org/AboutUs/HistoryOfUSANA.aspx |archive-date =16 March 2011}}</ref> The game also became popular in the Pacific Island nations of the Cook Islands, Fiji and Samoa during the 1970s.<ref name=Lal-258>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=458}}</ref> [[Netball Singapore]] was created in 1962,<ref name=NS-body>{{cite web |author=Netball Singapore |year=2011 |title=About Us |url=http://www.netball.org.sg/about-us |access-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301100412/http://www.netball.org.sg/about-us |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> and the [[Malaysian Netball Association]] was created in 1978.<ref name=NetballAsia-2011>{{Cite news |author=Netball Asia |title=Malaysia |publisher=Netball Asia |url=http://www.netballasia.com/index.php?id=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501100625/http://www.netballasia.com/index.php?id=25 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2011 |year=2011 |access-date=24 March 2011 }}</ref>

In Australia, the term ''women's basketball'' was used to refer to both netball and basketball.<ref name=Jack-Pollard>{{harvnb|Pollard|1968|p=59}}</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement arose to change the Australian name of the game from ''women's basketball'' to ''netball'' in order to avoid confusion between the two sports. The [[Basketball Australia|Australian Basketball Union]] offered to pay the costs involved to alter the name, but the netball organisation rejected the change.<ref name="Jack-Pollard"/> In 1970, the Council of the All Australia Netball Association officially changed the name to "netball" in Australia.<ref name="Taylor-2001"/>

In 1963, the first international tournament was held in [[Eastbourne]], England. Originally called the World Tournament, it later became known as the [[World Netball Championships]].<ref name=aena-19>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|1976|p=19}}</ref> Following the first tournament, one of the organisers, Miss R. Harris, declared,{{Blockquote|England could learn from the mistakes in the past from the empty stands at Eastbourne. To get the right publicity and the right status desired, the game must emerge from the school playground. Netball should be part of a sports centre where social events could also be held.<ref name=aena-19/>}}
The World Netball Championships have been held every four years since then. The [[World Youth Netball Championships]] started in [[Canberra]] in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, the [[International Olympic Committee]] [[Olympic sport#Recognized sports|recognized]] the International Federation of Netball Associations.<ref name="Taylor-2001"/> Three years later netball debuted at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name=INF-History/> Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, including the [[Nations Cup (netball)|Nations Cup]] and the [[Asian Netball Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org.my/museum/hof/ind/nors.htm|title=Norminshah Sabirin|publisher=Olympic Council of Malaysia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022064519/https://www.olympic.org.my/museum/hof/ind/nors.htm|archive-date=22 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="NC2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=147|title=Singapore victorious in 4 Nations Netball Cu|date=23 December 2006|publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations|access-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121636/https://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=147|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

=== Sex category ===
The sport was created for girls and women and remains most popular among this demographic, with women's netball at elite and national levels receiving outside funding. Though [[Men's netball|male netball]] teams exist in some areas, men's and mixed-sex teams are largely self-funded.<ref name=Turk-men/> Men's netball started to grow in Australia during the 1980s, with the first men's championship being held in 1985.<ref name=Tagg-409>{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=409}}</ref><ref name=Turk-men>{{cite web |last=Turk |first=Peter |title=History of Men's Netball |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=1-2729-0-0-0&sID=26574 |publisher=International Mens and Mixed Netball Challenge Cup |access-date=24 August 2011 }}</ref> Other countries with men's national teams include Canada, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=Tagg-411>{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=411}}</ref>

====Other====
[[File:Mixed netball Brisbane.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Men and women play together during a mixed [[Netball in Australia|netball game in Australia]].]]

In 2004, New Zealand and Fiji sent teams to compete in the Australian Mixed and Men's National Championships.<ref name=Turk-men/> By 2006, mixed netball teams in Australia had as many male participants as [[rugby union]].<ref name=Davis-4>{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/SPORT/10/07/rugby.wcup.bground/|title=Humble start spawns global giant|newspaper=CNN|author= Craig Francis|date=9 October 2003}}</ref>

An all-[[transgender]] netball team from Indonesia competed at the 1994 [[Gay Games]] in [[New York City]].<ref name=Altman-100>{{harvnb|Altman|2001|p=100}}</ref> The team had been the [[Indonesia]]n national champions.<ref name=Altman-100/>

At the Gay Games VI in Sydney in 2000, netball and [[volleyball]] were the two sports with the highest rates of transgender athletes participating.<ref name=Symons-122>{{harvnb|Symons|Hemphill|2006|p=122}}</ref> There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgender.<ref name=Symons-122 /> They came from places like [[Palm Island, Queensland|Palm Island]] in northern [[Queensland]], [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name=Symons-122 /> Teams with transgender players were allowed to participate in several divisions including men's, mixed and transgender; they were not allowed to compete against women's teams.<ref name=Symons-122 />