Editing Nestlé (section)

===1901–1989: Mergers===
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Henri Nestlé and his successors participated in the development of the [[Swiss chocolate|chocolate industry in Switzerland]], together with the [[Peter's Chocolate|Peter]], [[Chocolat Kohler|Kohler]], and [[Cailler]] families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-soft-drinks.com/chocolate-switzerland.html|title=Swiss Chocolate Brands|author=HPatrick|date=3 January 2016|access-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016215428/http://www.the-soft-drinks.com/chocolate-switzerland.html|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1904, Daniel Peter and Charles-Amédée Kohler (son of [[Charles-Amédée Kohler]] who founded a chocolate factory in 1830) became partners and founded the ''Société générale suisse des chocolats Peter et Kohler réunis''. In 1911, the company created by Peter and Kohler merged with Cailler.<ref>{{cite web|website=Cailler|url=https://cailler.ch/en/about|title=About Cailler|accessdate=10 May 2022|quote=1911: As the chocolate industry booms, the companies Peter (managed by Daniel Peter) and Kohler, which were already partners, merge with Cailler.|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524210327/https://cailler.ch/en/about|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexandre Cailler (grandson of [[François-Louis Cailler]]) had founded a chocolate factory in [[Broc]] in 1898, still used by Nestlé today; which enabled the production of milk chocolate on a large scale. In 1929, Peter, Cailler, Kohler, Chocolats Suisses finally merged with the Nestlé group.<ref name="Chrystal">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjgxEAAAQBAJ | title=Rowntree's – The Early History | publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] | author=Chrystal, Paul | year=2021 | chapter=The Cocoa and Chocolate Competition at the Start of the Twentieth Century | isbn=9781526778901 | quote=In 1904, Daniel Peter and Charles-Amédée Kohler became partners and founded the company Société Générale Suisse de Chocolats Peter et Kohler Réunis. [...] In 1929, Peter, Cailler, Kohler and Chocolats Suisses S. A. all merged with the Nestlé group. | access-date=18 May 2022 | archive-date=28 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828084812/https://books.google.com/books?id=qjgxEAAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Industry>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18NaAAAAYAAJ | title=Candy and Snack Industry: Volume 145, Issues 1-6 | publisher=Magazines for Industry, Incorporated | year=1980 | pages=28–29 | quote=The Nestlé S.A. facility in Broc, Switzerland, is steeped in the tradition of fine chocolate manufacturing as a company that has played an important part in industry history. [...] Cailler brand and his signature is still embossed on chocolate. In Switzerland, Cailler is the leading chocolate brand. Charles-Amedee Kohler (1790-1874) began producing chocolate in 1830. The Kohler firm later merged with that of Daniel Peter. Daniel Peter (1836-1919), who became the son-in-law of Francois Louis Cailler, assured his place in chocolate industry history with his invention in 1875 of milk chocolate. Henri Nestlé had first become an important manufacturer of milk products. Among his accomplishments was the development of a process to produce condensed milk which would be used in the making of milk chocolate. It wasn't until 1929 that these pioneering companies agreed to merge, but the plant at Broc had been built by the Cailler family in 1898. The selection of a site in Broc was made deliberately to locate it in Switzerland's picturesque Gruyere region, renowned for its fine milk production. | access-date=18 May 2022 | archive-date=28 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828084812/https://books.google.com/books?id=18NaAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref> An earlier alliance in 1904 between Peter and Nestlé also allowed the production of milk chocolate in the United States, at the [[Fulton, Oswego County, New York|Fulton]] plant.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q_DCwAAQBAJ | title=Classic Candy: America's Favorite Sweets, 1950–80 | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | author=Lacey, Darlene | year=2013 | pages=16 | isbn=9780747813651 | quote=In 1899, the people of Fulton, New York, saw the potential of this [milk chocolate] industry and raised money to purchase land for a Peter's Chocolate manufacturing plant. In 1904, Peter's Chocolate and Nestle formed an alliance, and Nestle's domestic production began. | access-date=18 May 2022 | archive-date=28 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828084812/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q_DCwAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1905, Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss merged to become the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, retaining that name until 1947 when the name 'Nestlé Alimentana SA' was taken as a result of the acquisition of Fabrique de Produits [[Maggi]] SA (founded 1884) and its holding company, Alimentana SA, of Kempttal, Switzerland. The company's current name was adopted in 1977. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.englishteastore.com/nestle-history.html|title=History of Nestlé|website=www.englishteastore.com|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804124845/https://www.englishteastore.com/nestle-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[First World War]] created a demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts, and by the end of the war, Nestlé's production had more than doubled.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

{{multiple image
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|image1 = Nestlé Food advertisement, 1915.jpg
|caption1 = A 1915 advertisement for "Nestlés Food", an early [[infant formula]]
|image2 =Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk 1918.jpg
|caption2 = Certificate for 100 shares of the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co., issued 1. November 1918
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In January 1919, Nestlé bought two condensed milk plants in [[Oregon]] from the company [[Geibisch and Joplin]] for $250,000. One was in [[Bandon, Oregon|Bandon]], while the other was in [[Milwaukie, Oregon|Milwaukie]]. They expanded them considerably, processing 250,000 pounds of condensed milk daily in the Bandon plant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blakely|first=Joe|date=2003|title=Oregon Places: The Nestlé Condensary in Bandon|jstor=20615370|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|volume=104|issue=4|pages=566–577|doi=10.1353/ohq.2003.0004|s2cid=245852881}}</ref>

[[File:Aleppo Nestle building Tilal street 1920s, postcard by Wattar brothers.jpg|thumb|Aleppo Nestlé building Tilal street 1920s]]
After the [[World War I]], government contracts dried up, and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestlé's management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestlé's first expansion into new products, with chocolate-manufacture becoming the company's second most important activity; [[Milkybar|white chocolate]] was created in the following decade. Louis Dapples was CEO till 1937 when succeeded by [[Édouard Muller (Nestlé)|Édouard Muller]] till his death in 1948.

Nestlé felt the effects of the [[World War II|Second World War]] immediately. Profits dropped from US$20 million in 1938 to US$6 million in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1938 - 1944 |url=https://www.nestle-cwa.com/en/aboutus/history/history4#:~:text=The%20effects%20of%20the%20onset,to%20offices%20in%20Stamford%2C%20Connecticut. |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=nestle-cwa.com |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509191143/https://www.nestle-cwa.com/en/aboutus/history/history4#:~:text=The%20effects%20of%20the%20onset,to%20offices%20in%20Stamford%2C%20Connecticut. |url-status=live }}</ref> Factories were established in developing countries, particularly in South America.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/business/dealbook/nestle-chocolate-milk-coffee-history.html|title=How Nestlé Expanded Beyond the Kitchen|last=Owles|first=Eric|date=27 June 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=16 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926163812/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/business/dealbook/nestle-chocolate-milk-coffee-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the company's newest product, [[Nescafé]] ("Nestlé's Coffee"), which became a staple drink of the US military. Despite that, Nestlé actually supplied both sides in the war: the company had a contract to feed the German army. Nestlé's production and sales rose in the wartime economy.<ref name=":4" />

[[File:Nestle logo 1938.png|thumb|The logo that Nestlé used from 1938 to 1966<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/logo-evolution|title=The Nestlé logo evolution|website=Nestle.com|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103102/https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/logo-evolution|archive-date=25 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlé. Growth accelerated and numerous companies were acquired. In 1947 Nestlé merged with [[Maggi]], a manufacturer of seasonings and soups. [[Crosse & Blackwell]] followed in 1950, as did [[Findus]] (1963), [[Libby's]] (1971), and [[Stouffer's]] (1973).<ref name="ukessays.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/nestle-international-mergers-and-acquisitions-management-essay.php|title=Nestle International Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay|website=UKEssays.com|language=en|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804170217/https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/nestle-international-mergers-and-acquisitions-management-essay.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Diversification came under chairman & CEO [[Pierre Liotard-Vogt]] with a shareholding in [[L'Oréal|L'Oreal]] in 1974 and the acquisition of [[Alcon|Alcon Laboratories Inc.]] in 1977 for $280 million.<ref name="ukessays.com"/>

In the 1980s, Nestlé's improved bottom line allowed the company to launch further acquisitions. [[Carnation (trademark)|Carnation]] was acquired for US$3&nbsp;billion in 1984 and brought the [[evaporated milk]] brand, as well as [[Coffee-Mate]] and [[Friskies]], to Nestlé. In 1986, the company founded [[Nespresso|Nestlé Nespresso S.A.]] The British confectionery company [[Rowntree's|Rowntree Mackintosh]] was acquired in 1988 for $4.5&nbsp;billion, which brought brands such as [[Kit Kat]], [[Rolo]], [[Smarties]], and [[Aero (chocolate)|Aero]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/business/rowntree-accepts-bid-by-nestle.html|title=Rowntree Accepts Bid By Nestle|last=Ap|date=24 June 1988|work=The New York Times|access-date=16 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303230109/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/business/rowntree-accepts-bid-by-nestle.html|url-status=live}}</ref>