Editing Negro league baseball (section)

===Professional baseball===
[[Image:1885 Keokuk, Iowa baseball team featuring Bud Fowler.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bud Fowler]], the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, [[Keokuk Indians|Western]] of [[Keokuk, Iowa]]]]
Baseball featuring African American players became professionalized by the 1870s.{{sfn|Lanctot|2008|p=3}} The first known professional black baseball player was [[Bud Fowler]], who appeared in a handful of games with a [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]] club in April 1878 and then pitched for the [[Lynn, Massachusetts]] team in the [[International Association for Professional Base Ball Players|International Association]].{{sfn|Riley|1994|p=294}}
[[Fleet Walker|Moses Fleetwood Walker]] and his brother, [[Welday Walker|Welday Wilberforce Walker]], were the first two recognizably black players in the major leagues. They both played for the 1884 [[Toledo Blue Stockings]] in the [[American Association (19th century)|American Association]], which was considered a major league at the time.{{sfn|Riley|1994|p=808}} Then in 1886 second baseman [[Frank Grant (baseball)|Frank Grant]] joined the [[Buffalo Bisons]] of the [[International League]], the strongest minor league, and hit .340, third highest in the league. Several other black American players joined the International League the following season, including pitchers [[George Stovey]] and Robert Higgins, but 1888 was the last season blacks were permitted in that or any other high minor league.

[[Image:Moses Fleetwood Walker.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Moses Fleetwood Walker]], possibly the first African-American major league baseball player]]
The first nationally known black professional baseball team was founded in [[1885 in baseball|1885]] when three clubs, the Keystone Athletics of Philadelphia, the Orions of Philadelphia, and the Manhattans of Washington, D.C., merged to form the [[Cuban Giants]].{{sfn|Malloy|2005|p=3}}

The success of the Cubans led to the creation of the first recognized "Negro league" in 1887—the [[National Colored Base Ball League]]. It was organized strictly as a minor league{{sfn|Holway|2001|p=21}} and founded with six teams: [[Baltimore Lord Baltimores]], [[Boston Resolutes]], [[Louisville Fall City]], [[New York Gorhams]], [[Philadelphia Pythians]], and [[Pittsburgh Keystones (baseball)|Pittsburgh Keystones]]. Two more joined before the season but never played a game, the [[Cincinnati Browns]] and [[Washington Capital Citys|Washington Capital {{Not a typo|Citys}}]]. The league, led by Walter S. Brown of [[Pittsburgh]], applied for and was granted official minor league status and thus "protection" under the major league-led [[National Agreement (baseball)|National Agreement]]. This move prevented any team in organized baseball from signing any of the NCBBL players, which also locked the players to their particular teams within the league. The reserve clause would have tied the players to their clubs from season to season but the NCBBL failed. One month into the season, the Resolutes folded. A week later, only three teams were left.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

Because the original Cuban Giants were a popular and business success, many similarly named teams came into existence—including the [[Cuban X-Giants]], a splinter and a powerhouse around 1900; the Genuine Cuban Giants, the renamed Cuban Giants, the [[Columbia Giants]], the [[Brooklyn Royal Giants]], and so on. The early "Cuban" teams were all composed of African Americans rather than Cubans; the purpose was to increase their acceptance with white patrons, as [[Cuba]] was on very friendly terms with the United States during those years. Beginning in 1899 several [[Baseball in Cuba|Cuban baseball teams]] played in North America, including the [[All Cubans]], the [[Cuban Stars (West)]], the [[Cuban Stars (East)]], and the [[New York Cubans]]. Some of them included white Cuban players, and some were Negro league players.{{sfn|Hogan|2006|p=89}}

The few players on the white minor league teams were constantly dodging verbal and physical abuse from both competitors and fans. The [[Compromise of 1877]] removed the few remaining obstacles from the South enacting [[Jim Crow laws]], allowing legal discrimination against blacks. On July 14, 1887, [[Cap Anson]]'s [[Chicago White Stockings (1870–89)|Chicago White Stockings]] were scheduled to play the Newark Giants of the International League, which had Fleet Walker and [[George Stovey]] on its roster. After Anson marched his team onto the field in military style as was his custom, he declared that his team would not play unless Walker and Stovey were barred from the field. Newark capitulated, and later that same day, league owners voted to refuse future contracts to blacks, citing the "hazards" imposed by such athletes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Howard W.|title=Cap Anson 4: Bigger Than Babe Ruth: Captain Anson of Chicago|publisher=Tile Books|year=2006|page=560|isbn=978-0-9725574-3-6}}, pp. 436–37.</ref>

In 1888, the [[Middle States League]] was formed and it admitted two all-black teams to its otherwise all-white league, the Cuban Giants and their arch-rivals, the [[New York Gorhams]]. Despite the animosity between the two clubs, they managed to form a traveling team, the Colored All Americans. This enabled them to make money [[barnstorm (sports)|barnstorming]] while fulfilling their league obligations. In 1890, the Giants returned to their independent, barnstorming identity, and by 1892, they were the only black team in the East still in operation on a full-time basis.