Editing Navigation Acts (section)

===Navigation Act 1660===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Navigation Act 1660
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of England
| long_title = An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation.
| year = 1660
| citation = [[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 18
| territorial_extent = {{ubli|[[England and Wales]]|[[English overseas possessions]]}}
| royal_assent = 13 September 1660
| commencement = {{ubli|various, 1 December 1660 to 1 September 1661}}
| repeal_date = 5 July 1825
| amends = 
| replaces = [[Navigation Act 1651]]
| amendments = [[Repeal of Acts Concerning Importation (No. 2) Act 1822]]
| repealing_legislation = [[Customs Law Repeal Act 1825]]
| related_legislation = 
| status = Repealed
| original_text = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp246-250
}}

The '''Navigation Act 1660''' {{nowrap|([[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 18)}}, long-titled ''An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation'', was passed on 13 September by the [[Convention Parliament (1660)|Convention Parliament]] and confirmed by the [[Cavalier Parliament]] on 27 July 1661.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306211551/http://www.motherbedford.com/HistoricalDocuments04.htm The Second Navigation Act 1660], via Archive.org</ref> The act broadened and strengthened restrictions under Cromwell's earlier act. Colonial imports and exports were now restricted to ships "as doe truly and without fraud belong onely to the people of England ... or are of the built of and belonging to" any of the [[English overseas possessions|English possessions]].<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp246-250 Navigation Act 1660, text]</ref> Additionally, ships' crews now had to be 75% English, rather than just a majority, and ship captains were required to post a [[performance bond|bond]] to ensure compliance and could recoup the funds upon arrival.<ref name="Purvis1997">{{cite book|last=Purvis|first=Thomas L.|title=A dictionary of American history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=556-YcjJYhkC&pg=PA278|date=1997|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-57718-099-9|page=278}}</ref> The penalty for non-compliance was the forfeiture of both the ship and its cargo. The act provides that violations of the navigation act were to be tried in "any court of record," but it also authorizes and strictly requires all commanders of ships of war to seize non-English ships and deliver them to the Court of Admiralty.

The act specified seven colonial products, known as "enumerated" commodities or items, that were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies. These items were tropical or semi-tropical produce that could not be grown in the mother country, but were of higher economic value and used in English competitive manufacturing. The initial products included sugar, tobacco, cotton wool, indigo, ginger, [[fustic]], or other dyeing woods. Previously only tobacco export had been restricted to England. Additional enumerated items would be included in subsequent navigation acts, for example the [[cocoa bean]] was added in 1672, after drinking chocolate became the fashion.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In a significant bow to English merchants and to the detriment of numerous foreign colonists, section two of the act declared that "no alien or person not born within the allegiance of our sovereign lord the King, his heirs and successors, or naturalized or made a free denizen, shall... exercise the trade or occupation of a merchant or [[Factor (agent)|factor]] in any of the said places" (i.e. lands, islands, plantations, or territories belonging to the King in Asia, Africa, or America), upon pain of forfeiting all goods and chattels.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

{{anchor|Customs Act 1660}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Customs Act 1660
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Act to prevent Fraudes and Concealments of His Majestyes Customes and Subsidyes.
| year                  = 1660
| citation              = [[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 19
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 13 September 1660
| commencement          = 1 September 1660{{efn|Section 1.}}
| repeal_date           = 5 July 1825
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Customs Law Repeal Act 1825]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p250
| collapsed             = yes
}}

Passage of the Navigation Act 1660 act was immediately followed by the Customs Act 1660 {{nowrap|([[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 19)}},<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p250 Charles II, 1660: An Act to prevent Fraudes and Concealments of His Majestyes Customes and Subsidyes.]</ref> which established how the customs duties would be collected by the government, as well as for subsidies ([[tunnage]] and [[poundage]]) for royal expenses. These acts of revenue, previously established under the Commonwealth, were similarly reauthorized with the restoration. The 1660 customs act was tightened by the Customs Act 1662 {{nowrap|([[14 Cha. 2]]. c. 11)}}. It also emphatically defines "Englishmen" under the Navigation Acts: "Whereas it is required by the [Navigation Act 1660] that in sundry cases the Master and three-fourths of the Mariners are to be English, it is to be understood that any of His Majesty's Subjects of England, Ireland, and His [[Plantation (settlement or colony)|Plantations]] are to be accounted English and no others."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp393-400 An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in His Majesties Customes.]</ref>

{{anchor|Exportation Act 1660|Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Exportation Act 1660
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Act for prohibiting the Exportation of Wooll, Woolfells, Fullers Earth, or any kinde of Scouring Earth.
| year                  = 1660
| citation              = [[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 32
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 29 December 1660
| commencement          = 14 January 1660{{efn|Section 1.}}
| repeal_date           = 21 July 1856 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|[[Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856]]}}
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp293-296
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Act for Prohibiting the Planting Setting or Sowing of Tobaccho in England and Ireland.
| year                  = 1660
| citation              = [[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 34
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 29 December 1660
| commencement          = 1 January 1661{{efn|Section 1.}}
| repeal_date           = 29 April 1910
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Administration of Intestates' Estate Act 1685]]|[[Estreats (Personal Representatives) Act 1692]][[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]}}
| repealing_legislation = [[Finance (1909-10) Act 1910]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p297
| collapsed             = yes
}}

Other acts relating to trade were passed in the same session of Parliament and reiterated previous acts. These include the Exportation Act 1660 {{nowrap|([[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 32)}}, which bans the export of wool and wool-processing materials,<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp293-296 ''An Act for prohibiting the Exportation of Wooll Woolfells Fullers Earth or any kinde of Scouring Earth''.]</ref> and the Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660 {{nowrap|([[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 34)}}, which prohibits growing tobacco in England and Ireland.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p297 ''An Act for Prohibiting the Planting Setting or Sowing of Tobaccho in England and Ireland''.]</ref> The former act was intended to encourage domestic woolen manufacturing by increasing the availability of domestic raw materials; the latter act was passed to limit competition with the colonies and protect the plantations' main crop, as well as to protect this regulated royal revenue stream. With the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] still separate, passage of the English act lead to the passage of a similar navigation act by the [[Parliament of Scotland]].<ref>Reeves 1792, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_5taAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA57  p.&nbsp;57]</ref> After the [[Act of Union 1707]], Scottish ships, merchants, and mariners enjoyed the same privileges.