Editing Navarre (section)

=== Kingdom of Navarre ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Navarre}}

Neither the [[Visigoths]] nor the [[Franks]] ever completely subjugated the area. The Vascones (to become the Basques) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD. In the year&nbsp;778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]].

Following the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)]], the Basque chieftain [[Íñigo Arista of Pamplona|Iñigo Arista]] was elected [[King of Pamplona]] supported by the [[muwallad]] [[Banu Qasi]] of [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]], establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre.<ref name="Collins1990">{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=The Basques|year=1990|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=0631175652|edition=2nd }}, p. 140-141.</ref> That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of [[Sancho&nbsp;III of Navarre|Sancho III]], comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of [[Gascony]] (in the early 11th century).{{Sfnp|Collins|1990|p=181}}

When Sancho&nbsp;III died in 1035, the kingdom was divided between his sons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Hugh|author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy|title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317870418|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ&q=kingdom+of+navarre+divided+1065}}</ref> It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ([[Occitan language#Occitan in Spain|the ''Francs'']]) poured into the kingdom via the [[Way of Saint James]].{{Sfnp|Collins|1990|pp=214 – 215}} In 1200, Navarre lost the key [[Basque Autonomous Community|western Basque districts]] to [[Alphonse VIII of Castile]], leaving the kingdom landlocked.{{Sfnp|Collins|1990|pp=185}} Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] in 1212 against the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]].

The [[Jiménez dynasty|native line of kings]] came to an end in 1234; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties.{{Sfnp|Collins|1990|pp=232}} However, the Navarrese kept most of their strong [[Fueros of Navarre|laws and institutions]]. The death of [[Blanche I of Navarre|Queen Blanche I]] (1441) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese [[House of Trastámara]] in Navarre's internal affairs.{{Sfnp|Monreal|Jimeno|2012|pp=10 – 15}} [[Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre|In 1512, Navarre was invaded]] by [[Ferdinand the Catholic]]'s troops,<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Monreal |first1= Gregorio| last2= Jimeno | first2=Roldan|year = 2012 | title = Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla| publisher = Pamiela | location=Pamplona-Iruña| isbn = 978-84-7681-736-0}}, pp. 30 – 32</ref> with [[Catherine of Navarre|Queen Catherine]] and [[John III of Navarre|King John III]] withdrawing [[Kingdom of Navarre#Independent Navarre north of the Pyrenees|to the north of the Pyrenees]], and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre-[[Viscounty of Béarn|Béarn]], led by [[Jeanne d'Albret|Queen Joan III]] as of 1555.

To the south of the Pyrenees, Navarre was annexed to the [[Crown of Castile]] in 1515, but kept a separate ambiguous status, and a shaky balance up to 1610—[[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV]] was ready to march over Spanish Navarre. A Chartered Government was established (the ''Diputación''), and the kingdom managed to keep home rule. Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794, when Spanish premier [[Manuel Godoy]] attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether, with the end of the [[First Carlist War]] (1839 – 1841) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule (''fueros'') to an end.{{Sfnp|Collins|1990|p=275}}