Editing Nationalism (section)

===Dating the emergence of nationalism===
Scholars frequently place the beginning of nationalism in the late 18th century or early 19th century with the [[United States Declaration of Independence|American Declaration of Independence]] or with the [[French Revolution]],<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Roeder |first=Philip G. |title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691134673 |pages=5–6 |jstor=j.ctt7t07k}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Lloyd |title=Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775 |date=2011 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0807872000 |jstor=10.5149/9780807869055_kramer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Hans |date=1939 |title=The Nature of Nationalism |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400037618/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1001–1021 |doi=10.2307/1948728 |jstor=1948728 |s2cid=144176353 |issn=0003-0554 |quote=Nationalism as we understand it is not older than the second half of the eighteenth century. Its first great manifestation was the French Revolution}}</ref> though there is ongoing debate about its existence in varying forms during the [[Nationalism in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] and [[Nationalism in Antiquity|even antiquity]].<ref name=":13">{{Citation |title=Theoretical Considerations: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Antiquity |date=2006 |work=Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism |pages=3, 11–13 |editor-last=Goodblatt |editor-first=David |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/elements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism/theoretical-considerations-nationalism-and-ethnicity-in-antiquity/CB4441D91310FB3557F79891F6AE8564 |access-date=2024-06-14 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511499067.002 |isbn=978-0-521-86202-8}}</ref> 

The consensus is that nationalism as a concept was firmly established by the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregorio F. Zaide|title=World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq512SmGMIsC&pg=PA274|year=1965|publisher=.|page=274|isbn=978-9712314728}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Calhoun |first=Craig |date=1993 |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=19 |pages=211–239 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.19.1.211}}</ref><ref name="Zimmer 2003 p. 5">{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=O. |title=Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |series=Studies in European History |year=2003 |isbn=978-1403943880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWIdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=14 May 2020 |page=5}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In histories of nationalism, the [[French Revolution]] (1789) is seen as an important starting point, not only for its impact on [[French nationalism]] but even more for its impact on Germans and Italians and on European intellectuals.<ref>Raymond Pearson, ed., ''The Long-man companion to European nationalism 1789–1920'' (2014) p. xi, with details on each country large and small.</ref> The template of nationalism, as a method for mobilizing public opinion around a new state based on popular sovereignty, went back further than 1789: philosophers such as [[Rousseau]] and [[Voltaire]], whose ideas influenced the French Revolution, had themselves been influenced or encouraged by the example of earlier constitutionalist liberation movements, notably the [[Corsican Republic]] (1755–1768) and [[American Revolution]] (1775–1783).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nationalism in Europe and America {{!}} Lloyd S. Kramer {{!}} University of North Carolina Press|language=en-US|work=University of North Carolina Press|url=https://www.uncpress.org/book/9780807872000/nationalism-in-europe-and-america/|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013941/https://www.uncpress.org/book/9780807872000/nationalism-in-europe-and-america/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the [[Industrial Revolution]], there was an emergence of an integrated, nation-encompassing economy and a national [[public sphere]], where British people began to mobilize on a state-wide scale, rather than just in the smaller units of their province, town or family.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-DmpXJ60UzsC|author= Michael Mann|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 2012| isbn=9781107031180 }}</ref>  The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century and was actively promoted by the British government and by the writers and intellectuals of the time.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UiTYQ_9ZhakC|author= Gerald Newman|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|year= 1997|isbn=978-0312176990}}</ref> [[National symbol]]s, anthems, [[national myth|myths]], flags and narratives were assiduously constructed by nationalists and widely adopted. The [[Union Jack]] was adopted in 1801 as the national one.<ref>Nick Groom, ''The Union Jack: The Story of the British Flag'' (2007).</ref> [[Thomas Arne]] composed the patriotic song "[[Rule, Britannia!]]" in 1740,<ref>{{cite book | last = Scholes| first = Percy A| title = The Oxford Companion to Music| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| year = 1970| page = 897 | title-link = The Oxford Companion to Music| edition = tenth}}</ref> and the cartoonist [[John Arbuthnot]] invented the character of [[John Bull]] as the personification of the English national spirit in 1712.<ref>{{cite book |last= Newman |first= Gerald G. |title= The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830 |year= 1987 |publisher= St. Martin's Press |location= New York |isbn= 978-0312682477 |url= https://archive.org/details/riseofenglishnat00newm }}</ref>

The political convulsions of the late 18th century associated with the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution|French]] revolutions massively augmented the widespread appeal of patriotic nationalism.<ref name="Smith 1998">{{Cite book|last= Smith|first= Anthony D.|author-link= Anthony D. Smith|title= Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism| publisher= Routledge| location= London|year= 1998|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4O0w3ZH57KkC|isbn= 978-0415063418
}}</ref><ref>Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan, ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', "'''French Revolution'''...&nbsp;It produced the modern doctrine of nationalism, and spread it directly throughout Western Europe&nbsp;...", Oxford, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0199205165}}.</ref> Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power further established nationalism when he invaded much of Europe. Napoleon used this opportunity to spread revolutionary ideas, resulting in much of the 19th-century European Nationalism.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|pp=171}}

Some scholars argue that variants of nationalism emerged prior to the 18th century. American philosopher and historian [[Hans Kohn]] wrote in 1944 that nationalism emerged in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=Hans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qnwbviylg6wC|title=The Idea Of Nationalism: A Study In Its Origins And Background|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1967|isbn=978-1412837293|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qnwbviylg6wC&q=%22emergence%20of%20nationalism%22 1i]|orig-date=1944}}</ref> In ''[[Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837|Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837]]'', [[Linda Colley]] explores how the role of nationalism emerged in about 1700 and developed in Britain reaching full form in the 1830s. Writing shortly after [[World War I]], the popular British author [[H.G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] traced the origin of European nationalism to the aftermath of the [[Reformation]], when it filled the moral void left by the decline of Christian faith:<blockquote>[A]s the idea of Christianity as a world brotherhood of men sank into discredit because of its fatal entanglement with priestcraft and the Papacy on the one hand and with the authority of princes on the other, and the age of faith passed into our present age of doubt and disbelief, men shifted the reference of their lives from the kingdom of God and the brotherhood of mankind to these apparently more living realities, France and England, Holy Russia, Spain, Prussia.... **** In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the general population of Europe was religious and only vaguely patriotic; by the nineteenth it had become wholly patriotic.<ref name=Wells>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45368/45368-h/45368-h.htm |title=Wells, H.G., ''The Outline of History'', Vol.2, Ch.36, §6 (New York 1920). |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521201312/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45368/45368-h/45368-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>