Editing Nanjing (section)

=== Capital of the Six Dynasties === <!--linked-->
[[File:Segalen-27-Xiao-Xiu-Winged-lion-right.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[bixie]]'' sculpture at [[Xiao Xiu]]'s tomb (AD{{nbsp}}518). [[Stone sculptures at mausoleum of the southern dynasties in Nanjing|Stone sculpture of the southern dynasties]] is widely considered as the city's icon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2006-06/07/content_4656661.htm |script-title=zh:南京六朝石刻现状调查: 在田野与工地间寻找国宝 |date=June 7, 2006 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |language=zh-hans |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120195021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2006-06/07/content_4656661.htm |archive-date=November 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
[[Six Dynasties]] is a collective term for six Chinese dynasties mentioned above which all maintained national capitals at Jiankang. The six dynasties were: [[Eastern Wu]] (222–280), [[Eastern Jin dynasty]] (317–420) and [[Northern and Southern dynasties|four southern dynasties]] (420–589).

At the [[End of the Han dynasty|end of the Eastern Han dynasty]], the warlord [[Sun Quan]], who ruled [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], moved his ruling office to Moling in 211 AD. The following year, he built the [[Stone City (Nanjing)|Stone City]] at the site of Jinling Yi, and renamed Moling to Jianye. Jianye later became the capital of the [[Eastern Wu dynasty]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, after Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in 229, opening Nanjing's history as a state capital.<ref name="Crespigny 2004 loc=3" /> By the time Wu was conquered by the [[Western Jin dynasty]] in 280, Jianye and its neighboring areas had been well cultivated, developing into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China.<ref name="questia.com" />

Not long after the unification of China, the Western Jin collapsed under the weight of [[War of the Eight Princes|civil wars by eight princes]] and [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|rebellions]] from the so-called "[[Five Barbarians]]" in the north. Jianye, renamed to Jiankang in 313 to avoid [[Emperor Min of Jin|Emperor Min of Jin's]] [[Naming taboo|taboo name]], was safely isolated from the chaos and became a popular refuge for the northern nobles and wealthy families. In 318, the ruling prince in Jiankang, [[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Sima Rui]] proclaimed himself the new emperor and reestablished the dynasty as the [[Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]].<ref name="liu">Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. ''Culture and Power'', 2001:35.</ref> This marked the first time a Chinese dynastic capital was moved from the north to [[Northern and southern China|southern China]], as the north came under the rule of the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]].

[[File:Pagoda at Qixia Temple Nanjing.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[Śarīra]] [[pagoda]] in [[Qixia Temple]]. It was built in AD{{nbsp}}601 and rebuilt in the 10th century.]]
Jiankang was the centre of administration in the south for more than two and a half centuries, even as China entered the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] period. After the Eastern Jin fell in 420, it continued to serve as the capital for the [[Southern dynasties]] of [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]] and [[Chen dynasty|Chen]]. During this time, Jiankang was the international hub of East Asia.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame002.html |script-chapter=zh:六朝名都崛起江东 |script-title=zh:南京市志(第1册) |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002051535/http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame002.html |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households.<ref>{{lang|zh-hans|《金陵记》}}: {{lang|zh-hans|"梁都之时, 城中二十八万户, 西至石头, 东至倪塘, 南至石子冈, 北过蒋山, 东西南北各四十里." }}{{in lang|zh-hans}}</ref> Assuming an average Nanjing household consisted of about 5.1 people, the city had more than 1.4&nbsp;million residents.<ref name="liu"/>

A number of [[spirit way|sculptural ensembles]] of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in [[Qixia District|Qixia]] and [[Jiangning District]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Liang Baiquan |title=''Nanjing-de Liu Chao Shike'' (Nanjing's Six Dynasties' Sculptures) |isbn=7-80614-376-9 |pages=53–54 |year=1998|publisher=南京出版社 }}</ref> Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of [[Xiao Xiu]] (475–518), a brother of [[Emperor Wu of Liang]].<ref>Albert E. Dien, ''Six Dynasties Civilization''. Yale University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-300-07404-2}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CeJD5BaQPPsC Partial text] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930090747/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeJD5BaQPPsC |date=September 30, 2015 }} on Google Books. P. 190. A reconstruction of the original form of the ensemble is shown in Fig. 5.19.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jllib.org.cn/ffy/nclmsksy/xiaoxiumusk.htm |script-title=zh:梁安成康王萧秀墓石刻 |publisher=Jllib.org.cn |access-date=December 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220014/http://www.jllib.org.cn/ffy/nclmsksy/xiaoxiumusk.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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