Editing Mouride (section)

==Structure==

===Leadership===
Shaikh Amadou Bamba was buried in 1927 at the Great Mosque in Touba, the holy city of Mouridism and the heart of the Mouride movement. After his death Bamba has been succeeded by his descendants as [[Caliphate|hereditary leaders]] of the brotherhood. The ''caliph'' (leader) of the Mouride brotherhood is known as the ''Grand Marabout'' and has his seat in Touba. The first five caliphs were all sons of [[Amadou Bamba]], starting with his eldest son:<ref name="Saliou Mbacke">{{cite conference|title=The Mouride Order |first=Saliou|last=Mbacke|publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |location=Georgetown University|conference=World Faiths Development Dialogue|date=January 2016|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/160101BCWFDDMourideOrderEnglish.pdf|access-date=October 28, 2019}}</ref>

# [[Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké]], caliph from 1927 to 1945<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-muhamadu-mustafa-mbacke/|title=Serigne Muhammadu Moustapha Mbacke (1927-1945)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref>
# [[Serigne Mouhamadou Fallilou Mbacké]], caliph from 1945 to 1968<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-muhammadu-fadal-mbacke/|title=Serigne Muhammadu Fadal Mbacke (1945-1968)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref>
# [[Serigne Abdou Ahad Mbacké]], caliph from 1968 to 1989<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-abdul-ahad-mbacke/|title=Serigne Abdul Ahad Mbacke (1968-1989)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref>
# [[Serigne Abdou Khadr Mbacké]], caliph from 1989 to 1990<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-abdu-qadr-mbacke/|title=Serigne Abdu Qadr Mbacke (1988-1989)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref>
# [[Serigne Saliou Mbacké]] (1915-2007), caliph from 1990 until his death on December 28, 2007<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-salihu-mbacke/|title=Serigne Salihu Mbacke (1915 – 2007)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref>
# [[Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké]], (1925–2010), caliph from 2007 to 2010. He was the first grandson of Ahmadou Bamba to become caliph.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-muhammadu-lamine-bara-mbacke/|title=Serigne Muhammadu Lamine Bara Mbacke (2007-2010)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref>
# [[Serigne Sidi Moukhtar Mbacké]], caliph from July 1, 2010 until his death on January 9, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toubamica.org/serigne-sidy-muqtar-mbacke/|title=Serigne Sidy Muqtar Mbacke (2010-current)|work=Murid Islamic Community in America|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>"Décès de Cheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké," ''APS'', July 1, 2010. {{cite web |url=http://aps.sn/aps.php?page=articles&id_article=70149 |title=Agence de Presse Sénégalaise |access-date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426040628/http://aps.sn/aps.php?page=articles&id_article=70149 |archive-date=2012-04-26 }}</ref>
# [[Serigne Mountakha Mbacké]], incumbent caliph since January 10, 2018.

The ''Grand [[Marabout]]'' is a direct descendant of Amadou Bamba himself and is considered the spiritual leader of all Mourides. There are other ''[[marabout]]s'', each with a regional following.

===Dahiras===
''Dahiras'' are a unique institution of the Senegalese Sufi model which connect followers of a particular marabout or order in an association.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Villalón |first=Leonardo Alfonso |date=1999 |title=Generational Changes, Political Stagnation, and the Evolving Dynamics of Religion and Politics in Senegal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187287 |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=3/4 |pages=134|doi=10.2979/AFT.1999.46.3-4.128 |jstor=4187287 |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> They are often based on shared allegiances to a particular marabout or common geographical location, for example, a neighborhood or city-specific dahira.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bava|first=Sophie|title=The Mouride Dahira: Between Marseille and Touba|journal=ISIM Newsletter|date=August 2001|pages=7|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17529/ISIM_8_The_Mouride_Dahira_between_Marseille_and_Touba.pdf;jsessionid=1D70597C3F726E8BF47DF6A7420D73D7?sequence=1|access-date=2011-09-19}}</ref> Other dahiras bring together followers belonging to the same age, gender, occupation, or school, linking them across Senegal and even abroad.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Beck |first=Linda J. |date=2001 |title=Reigning in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/100.401.601 |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=401 |pages=606–607|doi=10.1093/afraf/100.401.601 |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> A key example of this is the ''Hizbut-Tarqiyyah'', which brought together Mouride students and alumni of the [[University of Dakar]].{{sfn|Villalón|1999|p=138}} Notably many Mouride dahiras name the Grand Marabout as their patron and thereby avoid allegiance to a specific marabout inside the order.{{sfn|Beck|2001|p=606-607}}

Dahiras first appeared in urban areas as religious solidarity and [[Mutual aid society|mutual aid]] groups to tackle the issues of urban migrants but have since spread across the country to rural areas as well.{{sfn|Beck|2001|p=606}} Next to providing a community of like-minded Mourides, they help facilitate the participation of members at important festivals and help raise funds for sudden expenses which individuals may be unable to cover themselves, such as funeral costs.{{sfn|Villalón|2006|p=158-159}}

===Daaras===
''Daaras'' are ''madrassas'' or Quranic schools. They were originally founded by the shaykh, his descendants, or disciples to teach the Quran and the khassida (or ''xassida'', poems honoring Muhammad) as well as cultivating the land. Hence they have grown to be associations of Mourides, generally based on shared allegiance to a particular ''marabout''.

===Sects===

====Baye Fall====
[[Image:Ibrahimafall.jpg|right|thumb|260px|Ibrahima Fall]]
{{see also|Ibrahima Fall}}
One famous disciple of Bamba, [[Ibrahima Fall]], was known for his dedication to [[God in Islam|God]] and considered work as a form of adoration. Fall was the one to introduce the conduct with which a disciple should interact with his Shaykh, based on the example of the Sahabas and concepts presented in the 49th chapter of the Quran [[Al-Hujurat]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fall |first1=Ibrahima |title=Jazbul Murid |website=Jazbul Murid |publisher=N/A, Manuscript}}</ref> Ibrahima Fall was responsible for guiding many of Bamba's more eccentric followers and new converts to Islam. His followers were the precursor to a subgroup of the Mouride brotherhood today referred to as the Baye Fall ({{langx|wo|Baay Faal}}), many of whom substitute hard labor and dedication to their marabout for the usual Muslim pieties.

Sheikh [[Ibrahima Fall]] was one of the first of Amadou Bamba's disciples and one of the most illustrious.<ref name="Savishinsky">Savishinsky, J. N. (1994) The Baye Fall of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the Promised Land? Africa: Journal International African Institute, 64, 211-219</ref> He catalysed the Mouride movement and led all the labour work in the Mouride brotherhood. Fall reshaped the relation between Mouride ''[[talibe]]s'' (disciples) and their guide, Amadou Bamba. Fall instituted the culture of work among Mourides with his concept of ''Dieuf Dieul'', ("you reap what you sow").<ref name="Origines">Les origines de Cheikh Ibra Fall (2000, December). Touba', Bimestriel Islamique d'Informations Générales. Retrieved May 25, 2007 from 
{{cite web |url=http://www.metissacana.sn/sites/touba/fall.html |title=Cheikh Ibra Fall |access-date=2007-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708042138/http://www.metissacana.sn/sites/touba/fall.html |archive-date=2007-07-08 }}</ref> Ibra Fall helped Amadou Bamba to expand Mouridism, in particular with Fall's establishment of the Baye Fall movement. For this contribution, Serigne Fallou, the second ''Caliph'' (leader) after Amadou Bamba, named him "Lamp Fall" (the light of Mouridism).<ref name="Fallou">{{cite journal|last1=Ngom|first1=Fallou|title=Linguistic Resistance in the Murid Speech Community in Senegal|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|date=June 2002|volume=23|issue=3|pages=214–226|doi=10.1080/01434630208666466|s2cid=143133134 }}</ref> In addition, Ibrahima Fall earned the title {{lang|ar|باب المريدين}} ''Bab al-Murīdīna'', "Gate of the Mourides."

The members of the Baye Fall dress in colorful ragged clothes, wear their hair in [[dreadlocks]] which are called ''ndiange'' ("strong hair"), which they decorate usually with homemade beads, wire or string. They also carry clubs, and act as security guards in the annual ''[[Grand Magal of Touba|Grand Magal]]'' pilgrimages to Touba. Women usually are covered in draping coverings including their heads and occasionally are known to wear highly decorative handmade jewelry made from household or natural items. In modern times the hard labor is often replaced by members roaming the streets asking for financial donations for their ''marabout''. Several Baye Fall are talented musicians. A prominent member of the Baye Fall is the Senegalese musician [[Cheikh Lô]].