Editing Morocco (section)

=== <span class="anchor" id="Foundation"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dynasties"></span><span class="anchor" id="Foundation and dynasties"></span> Foundation and dynasties ===
[[File:Idrisids coin minted at Al Aliyah Morocco 840 CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Idrisid]] coin in [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]], 840]]
The [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]] that had begun during the mid-7th century was completed under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] by 709. The caliphate introduced both [[Islam]] and the Arabic language to the area; this period also saw the beginning of a trend of [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] which would last for centuries and effect a demographic shift in the region. While constituting part of the larger empire, Morocco was initially organised as a subsidiary province of [[Ifriqiya]], with the local governors appointed by the Muslim governor in [[Kairouan]].<ref>Abun-Nasr 1987, p.33</ref>

The indigenous Berber tribes adopted Islam, but retained their [[customary law]]s. They also paid taxes and tribute to the new Muslim administration.<ref>Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 33–34</ref> The first independent Muslim state in the area of modern Morocco was the [[Kingdom of Nekor]], an emirate in the [[Rif Mountains]]. It was founded by [[Salih I ibn Mansur]] in 710, as a client state to the Umayyad Caliphate. After the outbreak of the [[Berber Revolt]] in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the [[Miknasa]] of [[Sijilmasa]] and the [[Barghawata]].
[[File:29610-Fez (28134041211) (qarawiyyin crop).jpg|thumb|[[University of al-Qarawiyyin|al-Qarawiyyin]], founded in [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]] in the 9th century, was a major spiritual, literary, and intellectual centre.]]
The founder of the [[Idrisid dynasty]] and the great-grandson of [[Hasan ibn Ali]], [[Idris ibn Abdallah]], had fled to Morocco after the massacre of his family by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] in the [[Hejaz]]. He convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788. The Idrisids established [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] as their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major [[regional power]]. The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in 932, they were removed from power by the [[Maghrawa]] of Sijilmasa in 980.

[[File:Empire almohade.PNG|thumb|right|The empire of the [[Almohad dynasty]] at its greatest extent, {{circa|1212}}]]
From the 11th century onward, a series of Berber dynasties arose.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PT861 |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |last1=Ramirez-Faria |first1=Carlos |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804074800/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PT861 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/|title=Almoravides|encyclopedia=Universalis Encyclopedia|date=19 January 1999 |access-date=25 July 2011|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719002639/http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty|title=Marīnid dynasty|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602202549/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the [[Sanhaja]] [[Almoravid dynasty]] and the [[Masmuda]] [[Almohad dynasty]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads |title=The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314013819/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads |url-status=live }}</ref> Morocco dominated the Maghreb, [[al-Andalus]] in [[Iberia]], and the western Mediterranean region. From the 13th century onward the country saw a [[Arab migration to the Maghreb|massive migration]] of the [[Banu Hilal]] Arab tribes. In the 13th and 14th centuries the [[Zenata]] Berber [[Marinids]] held power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the Almohads through military campaigns in Algeria and Spain. They were followed by the [[Wattasids]]. In the 15th century, the [[Reconquista]] ended Muslim rule in Iberia and many Muslims and [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Jews]] fled to Morocco.<ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco |title=Morocco – History |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=31 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731173203/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Portugal|Portuguese]] efforts to control the Atlantic sea trade in the 15th century did not greatly affect the interior of Morocco even though they managed to control some possessions on the Moroccan coast but not venturing further afield inland.

[[File:Porto April 2019-7.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Portuguese Empire]] was founded when [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] led the [[conquest of Ceuta]], which began the Portuguese presence in Morocco, lasting from 1415 to 1769.]]

In 1549, the region fell to successive Arab dynasties claiming descent from the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]: first the [[Saadi dynasty]] who ruled from 1549 to 1659, and then the [[Alawi dynasty]], who have remained in power since the 17th century. Morocco faced aggression from [[Spain]] in the north, and the Ottoman Empire's allies pressing westward.

[[File:Palais El Badii - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The remains of the Saadi sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]'s 16th century [[Badi' Palace]]]]

Under the Saadis, the sultanate [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580|ended the Portuguese Aviz dynasty]] in 1578 at the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]]. The reign of [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] brought new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and a [[Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire|large expedition]] to West Africa inflicted a crushing defeat on the [[Songhay Empire]] in 1591. However, managing the territories across the [[Sahara]] proved too difficult.<ref name="Kaba81">{{citation | last=Kaba | first= Lansiné | year=1981 | title=Archers, musketeers, and mosquitoes: The Moroccan invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay resistance (1591–1612) | journal= Journal of African History | volume=22 | issue= 4 | pages=457–475 | jstor=181298 | doi=10.1017/S0021853700019861 | pmid=11632225| s2cid= 41500711 }}.</ref> Upon the death of al-Mansur, the country was divided among his sons.

After a period of political fragmentation and conflict during the decline of the Saadi dynasty, Morocco was finally reunited by the Alawi sultan [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|al-Rashid]] in the late 1660s, who took Fez in 1666 and Marrakesh in 1668.<ref name="Abun-Nasr1987" />{{Rp|230}}<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |publisher=Fayard |year=2012}}</ref>{{Rp|225}} The 'Alawis succeeded in stabilising their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local tribes [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] (1672–1727) began to create a unified state.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091030183303/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572952_8/Morocco.html Morocco (Page 8 of 9)]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 1 November 2009.</ref> With his [[Rif]]fian army, he re-occupied [[English Tangier|Tangier]] from the English who had abandoned it in 1684 and drove the Spanish from [[Larache]] in 1689. The Portuguese abandoned [[Mazagan|Mazagão]], their last territory in Morocco, in 1769. However, the [[Siege of Melilla (1774)|siege of Melilla]] against the Spanish ended in defeat in 1775.

Morocco was the first nation to recognise the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/joint-statement-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|date=22 November 2013|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110084924/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/joint-statement-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=((USA (NA) International Business Publications))|title=Morocco Foreign Policy And Government Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V77mdCXHJcC&pg=PA114|date=2004|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-6000-0|pages=114–}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/id/41811/ |title=Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties |access-date=12 March 2009 |author=Kozaryn, Linda D. |work=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=28 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228080125/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the beginning of the [[American Revolution]], American merchant ships in the Atlantic Ocean were subject to attacks by other fleets. On 20 December 1777, Morocco's Sultan [[Mohammed ben Abdallah|Mohammed III]] declared that American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage. The 1786 [[Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship]] stands as the United States' oldest unbroken friendship treaty.<ref>Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, ''Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary'', Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 {{ISBN|093422398X}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm |title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History |access-date=17 December 2007 |work=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210003512/https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>