Editing Montevideo (section)

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Monte Video from the Anchorage outside the Harbour.png|thumb|upright=2.2| "Monte Video from the Anchorage outside the Harbour" by [[Emeric Essex Vidal]] (1820). The earliest securely dated picture of the city.<ref>The watercolour can be securely dated from its inclusion in ''Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video'', p.xxix, published by R. Ackermann, London, 1820. No depiction of the city of earlier secure date has yet been produced.</ref>]]
On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General [[Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)|Samuel Auchmuty]] and Admiral [[Charles Stirling]] occupied the city during the [[Battle of Montevideo (1807)]], but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when [[John Whitelocke]] was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the [[Banda Oriental]]—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Segunda Invasión Inglesa (1807) |trans-title=Second English Invasion (1807) |url=http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/2003/SAN_LUIS/128/2invac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721193505/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/2003/SAN_LUIS/128/2invac.htm |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=15 November 2010 |publisher=ONI.edu.er |language=es}}</ref> After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo [[Francisco Javier de Elío]] opposed the new viceroy [[Santiago de Liniers]], and created a government Junta when the [[Peninsular War]] started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]].

During the [[May Revolution]] of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary [[José Gervasio Artigas]] united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain.<ref name="Historia">{{Cite web |last=Nelson Ormazába |title=Historia |url=http://www.montevideanos.com/historia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830095731/http://www.montevideanos.com/historia.htm |archive-date=30 August 2000 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Montevideanos.com |language=es}}</ref> In 1811, the forces deployed by the [[Junta Grande]] of Buenos Aires and the [[gaucho]] forces led by Artigas started a [[Siege of Montevideo (1811)|siege of Montevideo]], which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the [[Upper Peru]] region.

The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. It was named {{interlanguage link|Imperial Cidade|pt|lt=Imperial City}} by [[Emperor of Brazil|Emperor]] [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] when the city was part of the [[Empire of Brazil]] as the capital of the [[Cisplatina|Cisplatina province]].<ref name="Historia" /> [[Juan Antonio Lavalleja]] and his band called the ''Treinta y Tres Orientales'' ("[[Thirty-Three Orientals]]") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital.<ref name="Paisaje urbano" /> In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IMM |date=22 April 2010 |title=History of Centro |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ciudad/historia/barrios/centro-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426044126/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ciudad/historia/barrios/centro-0 |archive-date=26 April 2011 |access-date=16 November 2010 |website=montevideo.gub.uy |language=es}}</ref>

[[File:PlanoMontevideoSitioGrande.JPG|thumb|Map of Montevideo during the [[Uruguayan Civil War|Guerra Grande]] (1843–1851).]]

Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between [[Manuel Oribe]] and [[Fructuoso Rivera]], the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the [[Empire of Brazil]] under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the ''[[caudillo]]'' of their respective faction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Argentina (1806–1989) |trans-title=General History of the Foreign Relations of Argentina (1806–1989) |url=http://www.argentina-rree.com/4/4-019.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303235246/http://www.argentina-rree.com/4/4-019.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=La situación en el Uruguay y el Litoral durante la década de 1830 |language=es}}</ref> Politics were divided between Oribe's ''Blancos'' ("whites"), represented by the [[National Party (Uruguay)|National Party]], and Rivera's ''Colorados'' ("reds"), represented by the [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado Party]], with each party's name taken from the color of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign from the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the [[Uruguayan Civil War|Guerra Grande]], which lasted until 1851.

The city of Montevideo suffered a [[Great Siege of Montevideo|siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851]], during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support.<ref name="tacuycom" /> By 1843 Montevideo's population of thirty thousand inhabitants was highly cosmopolitan with Uruguayans making up only a third of it.<ref name=Etche17/> The remaining were chiefly Italian (4205), Spanish (3406), Argentine (2553), Portuguese (659), English (606) and Brazilians (492).<ref name="Etche17">{{Cite journal |last=Etchechury Barrera |first=Mario |year=2017 |title="Defensores de la humanidad y la civilización". Las legiones extranjeras de Montevideo, entre el mito cosmopolita y la eclosión de las 'nacionalidades' (1838–1851) |url=http://ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/7534/7060 |journal=[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]] |language=es |volume=50 |issue=II |pages=491–524 |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919194032/http://ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/7534/7060 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oribe, with the support of the then conservative [[Governor of Buenos Aires Province]] [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe.<ref name="Historia" /> The fighting however resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until the middle of the 20th century.

After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a [[stagecoach]] bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of [[Unión, Montevideo|Unión]] and the first natural gas [[street light]]s were inaugurated.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, in December 1861 the areas of [[Aguada, Montevideo|Aguada]] and [[Cordón]] were incorporated to the growing ''Ciudad Nueva'' (New City).<ref name=stats/> In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, ''La Paz'', was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.<ref name="cronologia">{{Cite web |title=Cronología de Montevideo 1742–1990 (PDF) |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/default/files/articulo/cronologia_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914063223/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/default/files/articulo/cronologia_0.pdf |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=22 November 2010 |publisher=Intendencia de Montevideo}}</ref>

In 1868, the [[Horsecar|horse-drawn tram]] company ''Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro'' created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of [[Capurro]] and the industrialized and economically independent [[Villa del Cerro]], at the time called ''Cosmopolis''. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company ''Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay'' was inaugurated connecting [[Bella Vista, Montevideo|Bella Vista]] with the town of [[Las Piedras, Uruguay|Las Piedras]]. During the same year and the next, the neighborhoods [[Colón Sudeste|Colón]], [[Nuevo París]] and [[La Comercial]] were founded. The Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in [[Cordón]] in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, ''Bulevar Circunvalación'' was constructed, a boulevard starting from [[Punta Carretas]], going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed [[Artigas Boulevard]] in 1885.<ref name="cronologia" /> By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area ''Los Pocitos'' was incorporated into the ''Novísima Ciudad'' (Most New City).<ref name=stats/>

The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas-operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighborhoods of Reus del Sur, [[Reus al Norte|Reus del Norte]] and [[Conciliación]] were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of [[Peñarol, Montevideo|Peñarol]] was founded. Other neighborhoods that were founded were Belgrano and [[Belvedere, Montevideo|Belvedere]] in 1892, [[Jacinto Vera, Montevideo|Jacinto Vera]] in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the [[Estación Central General Artigas|Central Railway Station of Montevideo]] was inaugurated.<ref name="tacuycom" /><ref name="cronologia" /><!-- Between 1878 and 1911, British-owned railway companies built an extensive railway network linking the city and its port to the countryside. {{citation needed|date=November 2010}}-->
[[File:MontevideoIndependencePlaza1900.jpg|thumb|Plaza Independencia around 1900.]]