Editing Monaco (section)

===19th century===
[[File:County of nice.svg|thumb|A map of the [[County of Nice]] showing the area of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Italian kingdom of Sardinia]] annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The area in red had already become part of France before 1860]]
In 1793, Revolutionary forces captured Monaco and until 1814 it was occupied by the French (in this period much of Europe had been overrun by the French armies under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte).<ref name="monacoangebote.de"/><ref name="Monte-carlo.mc">{{cite web |url=http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/general/important-dates/ |title=Important dates – Monaco Monte-Carlo |work=Monte-carlo.mc |date= |accessdate=28 May 2012 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501230623/http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/general/important-dates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The principality was reestablished in 1814 under the Grimaldis. It was designated a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815.<ref name="Monte-carlo.mc"/> Monaco remained in this position until 1860 when, by the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]], the Sardinian forces pulled out of the principality; the surrounding [[County of Nice]] (as well as [[Savoy]]) was ceded to France.<ref name="infoplease1">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859729.html |title=24 X 7 |work=Infoplease.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119091320/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859729.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Monaco became a French protectorate once again. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French.<ref name="miglioverde"/>

Before this time there was unrest in [[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]], where the townspeople had become weary of heavy taxation by the Grimaldi family. They declared their independence as the [[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune]], hoping for annexation by Sardinia. France protested. The unrest continued until [[Charles III, Prince of Monaco|Charles III of Monaco]] gave up his claim to the two mainland towns (some 95% of the principality at the time) that had been ruled by the Grimaldi family for over 500 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accesspropertiesmonaco.com/en/histoire |title=History of the Principality of Monaco – Access Properties Monaco – Real-estate Agency Monaco |publisher=Access Properties Monaco |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809043450/http://www.accesspropertiesmonaco.com/en/histoire |url-status=live }}</ref>

These were ceded to France in return for 4,100,000 francs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monacodc.org/monhistory.html |title=History of Monaco |work=Monacodc.org |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424212758/http://monacodc.org/monhistory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The transfer and Monaco's sovereignty were recognised by the [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty]] of 1861. In 1869, the principality stopped collecting income tax from its residents — an indulgence the Grimaldi family could afford to entertain thanks solely to the extraordinary success of the casino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/principaute-monaco-monte-carlo/ |title=Histoire de la Principauté – Monaco – Mairie de Monaco|work=Monaco-mairie.mc |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603055329/http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/principaute-monaco-monte-carlo |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This made Monaco a playground for the rich and a favoured place for them to live.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/monaco.htm |title=MONACO |work=Tlfq.ulaval.ca |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610183922/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/monaco.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>