Editing Moa (section)

==Classification==
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| perrow            = 5
| total_width       = 750
| image1            = Anomalopteryx didiformis (AM LB5907-56).jpg
| caption1          = ''Anomalopteryx didiformis''
| image2            = Pachyornis elephantopus (AM LB5950) 601370.jpg
| caption2          = ''Pachyornis elephantopus''
| image3            = Pachyornis geranoides (AM LB5991) 601808.jpg
| caption3          = ''Pachyornis geranoides''
| image4            = Megalapteryx didinus (AM LB5908) 601507.jpg
| caption4          = ''Megalapteryx didinus''
| image5            = Dinornis robustus (AM LB723) 601399.jpg
| caption5          = ''Dinornis robustus''
| header            = Skeletons (not to scale)
}}

===Taxonomy===
The currently recognised genera and species are:<ref name="Davies" />
{{Clear left}}
*Order [[Extinction|†]]'''Dinornithiformes''' <small>(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901</small> [Dinornithes <small>Gadow 1893</small>; Immanes <small>Newton 1884</small>] (moa)
**Family '''[[Dinornis|Dinornithidae]]''' Owen 1843 [Palapteryginae Bonaparte 1854; Palapterygidae Haast 1874; Dinornithnideae Stejneger 1884] (giant moa)
***Genus '''''[[Giant moa|Dinornis]]'''''
****[[North Island giant moa]], ''Dinornis novaezealandiae'' (North Island, New Zealand)
****[[South Island giant moa]], ''Dinornis robustus'' (South Island, New Zealand)
**Family '''[[Lesser moa|Emeidae]]''' <small>(Bonaparte 1854)</small> [Emeinae <small>Bonaparte 1854</small>; Anomalopterygidae <small>Oliver 1930</small>; Anomalapteryginae <small>Archey 1941</small>] (lesser moa)
***Genus '''''[[Anomalopteryx]]'''''
****[[Bush moa]], ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' (North and South Island, New Zealand)
***Genus '''''[[Emeus]]''''' 
****[[Eastern moa]], ''Emeus crassus'' (South Island, New Zealand)
***Genus '''''[[Broad-billed moa|Euryapteryx]]'''''
****[[Broad-billed moa]], ''Euryapteryx curtus'' (North and South Island, New Zealand)
***Genus '''''[[Pachyornis]]'''''
****[[Heavy-footed moa]], ''Pachyornis elephantopus'' (South Island, New Zealand)
****[[Mantell's moa]], ''Pachyornis geranoides'' (North Island, New Zealand)
****[[Crested moa]], '' Pachyornis australis'' (South Island, New Zealand)<ref name="Stephenson">Stephenson, Brent (2009)</ref>
**Family '''[[Megalapterygidae]]'''
***[[Genus]] '''''[[Megalapteryx]]'''''
****[[Upland moa]], ''Megalapteryx didinus'' (South Island, New Zealand)

Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{{Clear}}

===Phylogeny===
[[Image:The skeletons of Eastern moa and other kinds of moas in Otago museum.jpg|thumb|upright|The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum]]
Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand about 60&nbsp;million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species, ''Megalapteryx'', about 5.8&nbsp;Mya<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bunce|first1=M.
|last2=Worthy |first2= Trevor |author2-link=Trevor Worthy |last3=Phillips |first3=M.J. |last4=Holdaway | first4 = Richard |author4-link=Richard Holdaway (biologist) |last5= Willerslev |first5=E. |last6=Hailef |first6=J. |last7=Shapiro |first7=B. |last8=Scofield |first8=R.P. |last9=Drummond |first9=A. |last10=Kampk |first10=P.J.J. |last11=Cooper |first11=A. |title=The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=2009|volume=106|issue=49
|pages=20646–20651|doi=10.1073/pnas.0906660106 |pmid=19923428 |pmc=2791642|bibcode=2009PNAS..10620646B|doi-access=free
}}</ref> instead of the 18.5&nbsp;Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60&nbsp;Mya and the basal split 5.8&nbsp;Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8&nbsp;Mya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten |first2=Nicolas |last2=Rawlence |title=Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand|journal=Annals of Anatomy |year=2012 |volume=194 |issue=1 |pages=36–51 |doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 |pmid=21596537 |url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4368/1/Moa%27s_ark_or_volant_ghosts.pdf}}</ref> The presence of [[Miocene]]-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between ''Megalapteryx'' and the other taxa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The [[Oligocene drowning|Oligocene Drowning]] Maximum event, which occurred about 22&nbsp;Mya, when only 18% of present-day New Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8&nbsp;Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been present on both the South and North Island remnants during the [[Oligocene]] drowning.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allentoft|first=Morten|author2=Nicloas Rawlence|title=Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand|journal=Annals of Anatomy|year=2012|volume=194|issue=1|pages=36–51|doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002|pmid=21596537|url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4368/}}</ref> This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island about 2&nbsp;Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30&nbsp;Myr of separation.<ref name=Bunce /> The presence of Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the [[Southern Alps]] about 6&nbsp;Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles, [[volcanism]], and landscape changes.<ref name="Bunce"/> The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014)<ref name="Mitchell2014" /> with some clade names after Yuri ''et al.'' (2013).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yuri |first1=T. |year=2013 |title=Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals |journal=Biology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=419–444 |doi=10.3390/biology2010419 |pmid=24832669 |pmc=4009869|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds:

{{clade| style=font-size:80%; line-height:80%
|label1=[[Palaeognathae]]
|1={{clade
  |1=[[Struthioniformes]] ([[ostrich]]es) [[File:A book of birds (Plate I) (Struthio camelus).jpg|40 px]]
  |label2=[[Notopalaeognathae]]
  |2={{Clade
    |1=[[Rheiformes]] ([[Rhea (bird)|rhea]]) [[File:Cuvier-67 Nandou d'Amérique.jpg|30 px]]
    |2={{Clade
      |label1=
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Tinamiformes]] ([[tinamou]]s) [[File:NothuraDarwiniiSmit white background.jpg|30 px]]
        |2=†'''Dinornithiformes''' (moa) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Euryapteryx.jpg|60 px]]</span>
         }}
      |label2=[[Novaeratitae]]
      |2={{Clade
        |1={{Clade
          |1=[[Apterygiformes]] ([[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]]) [[File:The genera of birds (white background).jpg|30 px]]
          |2=†[[Aepyornithiformes]] ([[elephant bird]]) [[File:Mullerornis modestus (remaster).png|50 px]]
           }}
        |label2=[[Casuariiformes]] 
        |2={{Clade
          |1=[[Casuariidae]] ([[cassowary]]) [[File:A monograph of the genus Casuarius (Casuarius unappendiculatus).jpg|30 px]]
          |2=[[Dromaiidae]] ([[emu]]) [[File:Dromaius novaehollandiae (white background).jpg|40 px]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:<ref name="Bunce"/>
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|label1=†Dinornithiformes
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Megalapterygidae
    |1={{clade
     |1=†''[[Megalapteryx didinus]]''
       }}
    |label2=†Dinornithidae
    |2={{clade
      |label1=†''[[Dinornis]]''
      |1={{clade
        |1=†''[[Dinornis robustus|D. robustus]]''
        |2=†''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae|D. novaezealandiae]]''
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=Emeidae
  |2={{clade
    |label1=†''[[Pachyornis]]''
    |1={{clade
      |1=†''[[Pachyornis australis|P. australis]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1=†''[[Pachyornis elephantopus|P. elephantopus]]''
        |2=†''[[Pachyornis geranoides|P. geranoides]]''
         }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |1=†''[[Anomalopteryx didiformis]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1=†''[[Emeus crassus]]''
        |2=†''[[Euryapteryx curtus]]''
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}