Editing Mitosis (section)

===Interphase===
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{{main|Interphase}}
The interphase is a much longer phase of the [[cell cycle]] than the relatively short M phase. During interphase the cell prepares itself for the process of cell division. Interphase is divided into three subphases: [[G1 phase|G<sub>1</sub> (first gap)]], [[S phase|S (synthesis)]], and [[G2 phase|G<sub>2</sub> (second gap)]]. During all three parts of interphase, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the [[S phase]]. Thus, a cell grows (G<sub>1</sub>), continues to grow as it duplicates its chromosomes (S), grows more and prepares for mitosis (G<sub>2</sub>), and finally divides (M) before restarting the cycle.<ref name="Blow-2005"/> All these phases in the cell cycle are highly regulated by [[cyclins]], [[cyclin-dependent kinases]], and other cell cycle proteins. The phases follow one another in strict order and there are [[cell cycle checkpoint]]s that give the cell cues to proceed or not, from one phase to another.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biology Online |title= Mitosis |url=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/mitosis |website=Biology Online|date= 28 April 2020 }}</ref> Cells may also temporarily or permanently leave the cell cycle and enter [[G0 phase|G<sub>0</sub> phase]] to stop dividing. This can occur when cells become overcrowded ([[density-dependent inhibition]]) or when they [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]] to carry out specific functions for the organism, as is the case for [[Cardiac muscle cell|human heart muscle cells]] and [[neurons]]. Some G<sub>0</sub> cells have the ability to re-enter the cell cycle.

DNA double-strand breaks can be [[DNA repair|repaired]] during interphase by two principal processes.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 28781144 | doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.011 | volume=803-805 | title=Regulation of repair pathway choice at two-ended DNA double-strand breaks | year=2017 | journal=Mutat Res | pages=51–55  | vauthors = Shibata A | bibcode=2017MRFMM.803...51S }}</ref>  The first process, [[non-homologous end joining]] (NHEJ), can join the two broken ends of DNA in the [[G1 phase|G1]], [[S phase|S]] and [[G2 phase|G2]] phases of interphase.  The second process, [[homologous recombination]]al repair (HRR), is more accurate than NHEJ in repairing double-strand breaks.  HRR is active during the S and G2 phases of interphase when [[DNA replication]] is either partially accomplished or after it is completed, since HRR requires two adjacent [[chromatids|homologs]].

Interphase helps prepare the cell for mitotic division. It dictates whether the mitotic cell division will occur. It carefully stops the cell from proceeding whenever the cell's DNA is damaged or has not completed an important phase. The interphase is very important as it will determine if mitosis completes successfully. It will reduce the amount of damaged cells produced and the production of cancerous cells. A miscalculation by the key Interphase proteins could be crucial as the latter could potentially create cancerous cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernat |first1=R L |last2=Borisy |first2=G G |last3=Rothfield |first3=N F |last4=Earnshaw |first4=W C |title=Injection of anticentromere antibodies in interphase disrupts events required for chromosome movement at mitosis |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |date=October 1990 |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=1519–1533 |doi=10.1083/jcb.111.4.1519 |pmid=2211824 |pmc=2116233 }}</ref>