Editing Mitochondrial DNA (section)

=== Plants and fungi ===
There are three different mitochondrial genome types in plants and fungi. The first type is a circular genome that has introns (type 2) and may range from 19 to 1000 kbp in length. The second genome type is a circular genome (about 20–1000 kbp) that also has a plasmid-like structure (1 kb) (type 3). The final genome type found in plants and fungi is a linear genome made up of homogeneous DNA molecules (type 5).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Queiroz |first1=Casley Borges |last2=Santana |first2=Mateus Ferreira |last3=Pereira Vidigal |first3=Pedro M. |last4=de Queiroz |first4=Marisa Vieira |date=2018-03-15 |title=Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose in common beans |url=http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19132 |journal=Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=2763–2778 |doi=10.1007/s00253-018-8812-0 |pmid=29453633 |s2cid=3341230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Masutani |first1=Bansho |last2=Arimura |first2=Shin-ichi |last3=Morishita |first3=Shinichi |date=2021-01-12 |title=Investigating the mitochondrial genomic landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana by long-read sequencing |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=e1008597 |bibcode=2021PLSCB..17E8597M |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008597 |pmc=7833223 |pmid=33434206 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kozik |first1=Alexander |last2=Rowan |first2=Beth A. |last3=Lavelle |first3=Dean |last4=Berke |first4=Lidija |last5=Schranz |first5=M. Eric |last6=Michelmore |first6=Richard W. |last7=Christensen |first7=Alan C. |date=2019-08-30 |title=The alternative reality of plant mitochondrial DNA: One ring does not rule them all |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=e1008373 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008373 |pmc=6742443 |pmid=31469821 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Great variation in mtDNA gene content and size exists among fungi and plants, although there appears to be a core subset of genes present in all eukaryotes (except for the few that have no mitochondria at all).<ref name="Johnston, I. G. and Williams, B. P. 2016" /> In Fungi, however, there is no single gene shared among all mitogenomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Fonseca PL, De-Paula RB, Araújo DS, Tomé LM, Mendes-Pereira T, Rodrigues WF, Del-Bem LE, Aguiar ER, Góes-Neto A |date=2021 |title=Global Characterization of Fungal Mitogenomes: New Insights on Genomic Diversity and Dynamism of Coding Genes and Accessory Elements |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=12 |page=787283 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.787283 |pmc=8672057 |pmid=34925295 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Some plant species have enormous mitochondrial genomes, with ''[[Silene conica]]'' mtDNA containing as many as 11,300,000 base pairs.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sloan DB, Alverson AJ, Chuckalovcak JP, Wu M, McCauley DE, Palmer JD, Taylor DR |date=January 2012 |title=Rapid evolution of enormous, multichromosomal genomes in flowering plant mitochondria with exceptionally high mutation rates |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=e1001241 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001241 |pmc=3260318 |pmid=22272183 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Surprisingly, even those huge mtDNAs contain the same number and kinds of genes as related plants with much smaller mtDNAs.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ward BL, Anderson RS, Bendich AJ |date=September 1981 |title=The mitochondrial genome is large and variable in a family of plants (cucurbitaceae) |journal=Cell |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=793–803 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(81)90187-2 |pmid=6269758 |s2cid=45090891}}</ref>
The genome of the mitochondrion of the cucumber (''[[Cucumis sativus]]'') consists of three circular chromosomes (lengths 1556, 84 and 45 kilobases), which are entirely or largely autonomous with regard to their [[DNA replication|replication]].<ref name="Alverson2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alverson AJ, Rice DW, Dickinson S, Barry K, Palmer JD |date=July 2011 |title=Origins and recombination of the bacterial-sized multichromosomal mitochondrial genome of cucumber |journal=The Plant Cell |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=2499–2513 |doi=10.1105/tpc.111.087189 |jstor=41433488 |pmc=3226218 |pmid=21742987|bibcode=2011PlanC..23.2499A }}</ref>