Editing Miocene (section)

===South America===
During the [[Oligocene]] and Early Miocene, the coast of northern Brazil,<ref name=Rossettietal2013>{{cite journal |last1=Rossetti |first1=Dilce F.|last2=Bezerra |first2=Francisco H.R. |last3=Dominguez |first3=José M.L.|date=2013 |title=Late Oligocene–Miocene transgressions along the equatorial and eastern margins of Brazil |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=123 |pages=87–112 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.005 |bibcode=2013ESRv..123...87R|url=http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/13327 }}</ref> Colombia, [[Pisco Basin|south-central Peru]], central Chile and large swathes of inland [[Patagonia]] were subject to a [[marine transgression]].<ref name=Machareetal1988>{{cite journal |last1=Macharé |first1=José |last2=Devries |first2=Thomas |last3=Barron |first3=John|last4=Fourtanier |first4=Élisabeth |date=1988 |title=Oligo-Miocene transgression along the Pacifie margin of South America: new paleontological and geological evidence from the Pisco basin (Peru) |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/cahiers/geodyn/26017.pdf |journal=Geódynamique |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–37 }}</ref> The transgressions in the west coast of South America are thought to be caused by a regional phenomenon while the steadily rising [[Bolivian Orocline|central segment]] of the Andes represents an exception.<ref name=Machareetal1988/> While there are numerous registers of Oligocene–Miocene transgressions around the world it is doubtful that these correlate.<ref name=Rossettietal2013/>

It is thought that the Oligocene–Miocene transgression in Patagonia could have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as inferred from the findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in [[La Cascada Formation]].<ref name=Encinasetal2014>{{cite journal|author-last= Encinas |author-first= Alfonso |author-last2=Pérez |author-first2=Felipe |author-last3=Nielsen|author-first3=Sven|author-last4=Finger |author-first4=Kenneth L. |author-last5=Valencia|author-first5=Victor |author-last6=Duhart|author-first6=Paul |date=2014|title=Geochronologic and paleontologic evidence for a Pacific–Atlantic connection during the late Oligocene–early Miocene in the Patagonian Andes (43–44°S) |journal=[[Journal of South American Earth Sciences]]|volume=55|pages= 1–18 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.008|bibcode=2014JSAES..55....1E|hdl=10533/130517|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Nielsen|author-first=S.N. |date=2005|title= Cenozoic Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthiolariidae (Gastropoda, Stromboidea) from Chile: their significance to biogeography of faunas and climate of the south-east Pacific |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=79|pages=1120–1130 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1120:csaasg]2.0.co;2|s2cid=130207579 }}</ref> Connection would have occurred through narrow [[Inland sea (geology)|epicontinental seaways]] that formed channels in a [[River incision|dissected topography]].<ref name=Encinasetal2014/><ref name=Guillaumeetal2009/>

The [[Antarctic Plate]] started to [[subduction|subduct]] beneath South America 14 million years ago in the Miocene, forming the [[Chile Triple Junction]]. At first the Antarctic Plate subducted only in the southernmost tip of Patagonia, meaning that the Chile Triple Junction lay near the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As the southern part of [[Nazca Plate]] and the [[Chile Rise]] became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate begun to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction advanced to the north over time.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Cande|author-first=S.C.|author-last2=Leslie|author-first2=R.B. |date=1986|title=Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Southern Chile Trench |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth]] |volume=91|issue=B1|pages= 471–496|doi=10.1029/jb091ib01p00471|bibcode=1986JGR....91..471C}}</ref> The [[Slab window|asthenospheric window]] associated to the triple junction disturbed previous patterns of [[mantle convection]] beneath Patagonia inducing an uplift of ca. 1&nbsp;km that reversed the Oligocene–Miocene transgression.<ref name=Guillaumeetal2009>{{cite journal|author-last=Guillame|author-first=Benjamin |author-last2=Martinod|author-first2=Joseph |author-last3=Husson|author-first3=Laurent|author-last4=Roddaz|author-first4=Martin |author-last5=Riquelme|author-first5=Rodrigo |date=2009 |title=Neogene uplift of central eastern Patagonia: Dynamic response to active spreading ridge subduction?|journal=[[Tectonics (journal)|Tectonics]] |volume=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Guillaume |author-first=Benjamin |author-last2=Gautheron |author-first2=Cécile |author-last3=Simon-Labric |author-first3=Thibaud|author-last4=Martinod |author-first4=Joseph |author-last5=Roddaz |author-first5=Martin |author-last6=Douville |author-first6=Eric |date=2013 |title=Dynamic topography control on Patagonian relief evolution as inferred from low temperature thermochronology |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=3 |pages=157–167 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.036 |bibcode=2013E&PSL.364..157G}}</ref>

As the southern [[Andean orogeny|Andes rose]] in the Middle Miocene (14–12 million years ago) the resulting [[rain shadow]] originated the [[Patagonian Desert]] to the east.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Folguera |first1=Andrés |last2=Encinas |first2=Alfonso|last3=Echaurren |first3=Andrés|last4=Gianni |first4=Guido|last5=Orts |first5=Darío|last6=Valencia |first6=Víctor|last7=Carrasco |first7=Gabriel |title=Constraints on the Neogene growth of the central Patagonian Andes at thelatitude of the Chile triple junction (45–47°S) using U/Pb geochronology insynorogenic strata |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |date=2018 |volume=744 |pages=134–154|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2018.06.011 |bibcode=2018Tectp.744..134F |hdl=11336/88399 |s2cid=135214581 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>