Editing Millstone (section)

=== In the rest of the world ===
[[File:Millstone (Myllynkivi).jpg|thumb|left|Millstone factory site in Finland]]
[[Image:BuhrStone.JPG|thumb|right|Buhr stone with resurfacing instructions]]At the [[Tell Abu Hureyra]] archaeological site, as early as the 8th millennium BC, women's skeletons show traces of [[osteoarthritis]] in the knees, spinal deformity and deformation of the first [[Metatarsal bones|metatarsal]], pathologies associated with long periods of bending while grinding, supporting the theory that early humans practiced a [[Sexual division of labour|sexual division of labor]].<ref>Theya Molleson, "Seed preparation in the Mesolithic: the osteological evidence", ''Antiquity'', vol. 63, no 239, June 1989, p. 356-362 (DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00076079 10.1017/S0003598X00076079]).</ref>

In India, millstone (''Chakki'') were used to grind grains and spices. These consist of a stationary stone cylinder upon which a smaller stone cylinder rotates. Smaller ones, for household use, were operated by two people. Larger ones, for community or commercial use, used livestock to rotate the upper cylinder. Today a majority of the stone flour mills (Atta Chakki) are equipped with lower stone rotating and upper stone stationary millstones also called Shikhar Emery Stones which are made from abrasive emery grains and grits, with a binding agent similar to Sorel Cement. These stones are made from two types of emery abrasives - Natural Jaspar Red Emery or Synthetic Calcined Bauxite Black Emery.{{cn|date=October 2021}}[[Image:Walderveense molen steenbillen.jpg|upright|thumb|Dressing a millstone]]
[[File:Millstone-monument-to-victoms-of-holodomor.jpg|thumb| Monument in the village of Victorivka (Вікторівка) in memory of the victims of the man-made famine known as [[Holodomor]]. The monument is made from millstones that the villagers hid and used in secret, as the Soviet authorities had prohibited their use during the famine.|left]]In Korea, there were three different millstones, each made from different materials, serving other purposes, such as threshing, grinding, and producing starch. Generally, the handle of a millstone in Korea was made from an ash tree, the process for making a handle from the ash tree was known as "Mulpure-namu". To ensure that everything is "all right" with the creation of a millstone, a mason within ancient Kora offered food and alcohol in a ritual.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Yeon |first=Yoo S. |date=2016 |title=Millstone: The Creation of a New Coalescence Consciousness of Opposites |url=https://www.e-jsst.org/upload/jsst-7-1-57.pdf |journal=Journal of Symbols & Sandplay Therapy |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–76|doi=10.12964/jsst.160003 }}</ref> 

Millstones were introduced to Britain by the Romans during the 1st century AD and were widely used there from the 3rd century AD onwards.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shaffrey|first=Ruth|date=2015|title=Intensive milling practices in the Romano-British landscape of southern England. Using newly established criteria for distinguishing millstones from rotary querns|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/abs/intensive-milling-practices-in-the-romanobritish-landscape-of-southern-england-using-newly-established-criteria-for-distinguishing-millstones-from-rotary-querns/10AC82351E5C7C708BE6A40CE6993E7F|journal=Britannia|volume=46|pages=55–92|doi=10.1017/S0068113X15000185|s2cid=164726574|via=cambridgecore.org}}</ref>

In 1932-1933 in Ukraine, during the man-made famine known as [[Holodomor]], the Soviet authorities prohibited the use of millstones, claiming that a millstone is a "mechanism for enrichment" (which was a negative term in Soviet communist ideology).<ref name="millstonemonument">
{{cite news
| last         = Кобиляцька
| first        = Вікторія
| date         = 2012-12-07
| title        = Пам'ятник із жорен
| trans-title  = Monument from millstones
| url          = https://day.kyiv.ua/article/cuspilstvo/pamyatnyk-iz-zhoren
| language     = Ukrainian
| work         = День
| issue        = 224
| location     = Kiev, Ukraine
| access-date  = 2023-07-24
}}</ref> This forced Ukrainian villagers to hide their manually-operated millstones and use them secretly during the famine. In response, Soviet authorities regularly searched villages for "illegal" millstones and destroyed them.<ref name="millstonemonument" /> In 2007, the people of Victorivka village in Cherkasy Oblast built a monument using the millstones they had managed to hide and save from the Soviet plunder during the [[Holodomor]].<ref name="millstonemonument" />