Editing Millipede (section)

===Evolution===
Millipedes are among the first animals to have [[Colonization of the land|colonised land]] during the [[Silurian|Silurian period]].<ref name="Garwood">{{cite journal|last1=Garwood |first1=Russell |last2=Edgecombe |first2=Gregory |year=2011 |title=''Early terrestrial animals, evolution and uncertainty'' |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=489–501 |doi=10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y |doi-access=free }}</ref> Early forms probably ate [[moss]]es and primitive [[vascular plant]]s. There are two major groups of millipedes whose members are all extinct: the [[Archipolypoda]] ("ancient, many-legged ones") which contain the oldest known terrestrial animals, and [[Arthropleuridea]], which contain the largest known land invertebrates. ''[[Pneumodesmus newmani]]'' is the earliest member of the millipedes from the late [[Wenlock epoch]] of the late [[Silurian]] around {{Ma|428}},<ref name=wellman23>{{cite journal|first1=C.H.|last1=Wellman|first2=G.|last2=Lopes|first3=Z.|last3=McKellar|first4=A.|last4=Hartley|year=2023|title=Age of the basal 'Lower Old Red Sandstone' Stonehaven Group of Scotland: The oldest reported air-breathing land animal is Silurian (late Wenlock) in age|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=181 |publisher=The Geological Society of London|doi=10.1144/jgs2023-138|issn=0016-7649|doi-access=free|hdl=2164/22754|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wilson&Anderson2004"/> or early [[Lochkovian]] of the early [[Devonian]] around 414 million years ago,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suarez |first1=Stephanie E. |last2=Brookfield |first2=Michael E. |last3=Catlos |first3=Elizabeth J. |last4=Stöckli |first4=Daniel F. |date=2017-06-28 |title=A U-Pb zircon age constraint on the oldest-recorded air-breathing land animal |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0179262 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179262 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5489152 |pmid=28658320|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279262S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brookfield |first1=M. E. |last2=Catlos |first2=E. J. |last3=Garza |first3=H. |date=2024-07-07 |title=The oldest 'millipede'-plant association? Age, paleoenvironments and sources of the Silurian lake sediments at Kerrera, Argyll and Bute, Scotland |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2024.2367554 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2367554 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> known from {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long fragment and has clear evidence of [[Spiracle (arthropods)|spiracle]]s (breathing holes) attesting to its air-breathing habits.<ref name="Shear.Edgecombe2010" /><ref name="Wilson&Anderson2004">{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Heather M.|author2=Anderson, Lyall I.|title=Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland|journal=Journal of Paleontology |year=2004|volume=78|issue=1 |pages=169–184 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0169:MATOPM>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2004JPal...78..169W |s2cid=131201588 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fossil millipede found to be oldest land creature |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/01/27/environment.britain.fossil.reut/index.html |work=CNN |agency=Reuters |date=Jan 27, 2004 |access-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025704/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/01/27/environment.britain.fossil.reut/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other early fossils of millipedes are ''[[Kampecaris|Kampecaris obanensis]]'' and ''[[Archidesmus]]'' sp. from 425 millions years ago in the late [[Silurian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brookfield |first1=M. E. |last2=Catlos |first2=E. J. |last3=Suarez |first3=S. E. |date=2021-10-03 |title=Myriapod divergence times differ between molecular clock and fossil evidence: U/Pb zircon ages of the earliest fossil millipede-bearing sediments and their significance |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2020.1762593 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=2014–2018 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1762593 |bibcode=2021HBio...33.2014B |s2cid=238220137 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> During the [[Carboniferous]], ''[[Arthropleura]]'' became the largest known land-dwelling invertebrate on record, length exceeding {{convert|2|m|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}}. The reason that ''Arthropleura'' was able to achieve this size is not clearly known; early studies posited that it was a result of high atmospheric oxygen levels, while later studies consider that the lack of competition is more probable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Neil S. |last2=Garwood |first2=Russell J. |last3=McMahon |first3=William J. |last4=Schneider |first4=Joerg W. |last5=Shillito |first5=Anthony P. |date=2022 |title=The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England) |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/jgs2021-115 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |language=en |volume=179 |issue=3 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-115 |bibcode=2022JGSoc.179..115D |issn=0016-7649}}</ref> Millipedes also exhibit the earliest evidence of chemical defence, as some [[Devonian]] fossils have defensive gland openings called [[ozopore]]s.<ref name=Shear.Edgecombe2010/>