Editing Military technology (section)

===Modern technology===

==== Armies ====
[[File:Dardanelles Gun Turkish Bronze 15c.png|thumb|left|200px|The bronze [[Dardanelles Gun]] on display at [[Fort Nelson, Hampshire|Fort Nelson]] in Hampshire. Similar cannons were used by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] in the [[Fall of Constantinople|siege of Constantinople]] in 1453.]]
[[File:Rocket warfare.jpg|thumb|250px|A painting showing the Mysorean army fighting the British forces with Mysorean rockets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missiles-mainstay-of-Paks-N-arsenal/articleshow/2966443.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/india/27784965_1_cruise-missile-missile-program-hatf-viii|url-status=live|archive-date=24 September 2012|access-date=30 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 April 2008}}</ref>]]
The Islamic [[gunpowder empires]] introduced numerous developed firearms, cannon and small arms. During the period of [[Proto-industrialization]], newly invented weapons were seen to be used in [[Mughal India]].

Rapid development in military technology had a dramatic impact on armies and navies in the industrialized world in 1740–1914.<ref>Max Boot, ''War made new: technology, warfare, and the course of history, 1500 to today'' (Penguin, 2006).</ref> For land warfare, cavalry faded in importance, while infantry became transformed by the use of highly accurate more rapidly loading rifles, and the use of smokeless powder. Machine guns were developed in the 1860s in Europe. [[Rocket artillery]] and the [[Mysorean rockets]] were pioneered by Indian Muslim ruler [[Tipu Sultan]] and the French introduced much more accurate rapid-fire field artillery. Logistics and communications support for land warfare dramatically improved with use of railways and telegraphs. Industrialization provided a base of factories that could be converted to produce munitions, as well as uniforms, tents, wagons and essential supplies. Medical facilities were enlarged and reorganized based on improved hospitals and the creation of modern nursing, typified by [[Florence Nightingale]] in Britain during the [[Crimean War]] of 1854–56.<ref>B.H. Liddell Hart, "Armed Forces in the Art of War: Armies", in J.P.T. Bury, ed., ''The New Cambridge Modern History: volume X: The Zenith of European Power 1830–70'' (1967), 302–330.</ref>

====Naval====
Naval warfare was transformed by many innovations,<ref>Michael Lewis, "Armed Forces in the Art of War: Navies", in J.P.T. Bury, ed., ''The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume X: The Zenith of European Power 1830–70'' (1967), 274–301.</ref> most notably the coal-based steam engine, highly accurate long-range naval guns, heavy steel armour for battleships, mines, and the introduction of the torpedo, followed by the torpedo boat and the destroyer. Coal after 1900 was eventually displaced by more efficient oil, but meanwhile navies with an international scope had to depend on a network of coaling stations to refuel. The British Empire provided them in abundance, as did the French Empire to a lesser extent.  War colleges developed, as military theory became a specialty; cadets and senior commanders were taught the theories of Jomini, Clausewitz and Mahan, and engaged in tabletop war games. Around 1900, entirely new innovations such as submarines and airplanes appeared, and were quickly adapted to warfare by 1914. The British [[HMS Dreadnought (1906)|HMS ''Dreadnought'' (1906)]] incorporated so much of the latest technology in weapons, propulsion and armour that it at a stroke made all other battleships obsolescent.<ref>David K. Brown, ''Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905''(2003).</ref>

====Organization and finance====
New financial tools were developed to fund the rapidly increasing costs of warfare, such as popular bond sales and income taxes, and the funding of permanent research centers.<ref>Michael Howard, "The armed forces." In F.H. Hinsley, ed. "The new Cambridge modern history: volume XI: 1870–1898" (1962) pp 204–42.</ref><ref>John Sumida, ''In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy 1889–1914'' Naval Institute Press, 2014.</ref>  Many 19th century innovations were largely invented and promoted by lone individuals with small teams of assistants, such as [[David Bushnell (inventor)|David Bushnell]] and the submarine, [[John Ericsson]] and the battleship, [[Hiram Maxim]] and the machine gun, and [[Alfred Nobel]] and high explosives. By 1900 the military began to realize that they needed to rely much more heavily on large-scale research centers, which needed government funding.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McBride | first1 = William M. | year = 1992 | title = 'The Greatest Patron of Science'?: The Navy-Academia Alliance and US Naval Research, 1896–1923 | journal = Journal of Military History | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 7–34 | doi=10.2307/1985709| jstor = 1985709 }}</ref> They brought in leaders of organized innovation such as [[Thomas Edison]] in the U.S. and chemist [[Fritz Haber]] of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jeffrey | first1 = Thomas E. | year = 2016 | title = 'Commodore' Edison Joins the Navy: Thomas Alva Edison and the Naval Consulting Board | journal = Journal of Military History | volume = 80 | issue = 2| pages = 411–46 }}</ref><ref>L.F. Haber, ''The poisonous cloud: chemical warfare in the First World War'' (Oxford UP, 1986).</ref>