Editing Miami people (section)

===European contact===
[[File:Little Turtle.jpg|thumb|200px|Lithograph of [[Little Turtle]] is reputedly based upon a lost portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]], destroyed when the British [[Burning of Washington|burned Washington, D.C.]] in 1814.{{sfn|Carter|1987|pp=62-63}}]]
[[File:Pacanne.jpg|thumb|200px|Miami chief [[Pacanne]]]]

When [[France|French]] [[missionaries]] first encountered the Miami in the mid-17th century, generating the first written historical record of the tribe, the [[indigenous people]] were living around the western shores of [[Lake Michigan]]. According to Miami oral tradition, they had moved there a few generations earlier from the region that is now northern Indiana, southern Michigan, and northwestern Ohio to escape pressure from [[Iroquois]] war parties seeking to monopolize control over furs in the Ohio Valley. Early French explorers noticed many linguistic and cultural similarities between the Miami bands and the [[Illiniwek]], a loose confederacy of Algonquian-speaking peoples. The term "Miami" has imprecise meaning to historians. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term "Miami" generally referred to all of these bands as one grand tribe. Over the course of the 19th century, "Miami" came to specifically refer to the Atchakangoen (Crane) band.<ref>{{cite web |last=Libby |first=Dr. Dorothy. |url=http://www.gbl.indiana.edu/archives/dockett_99/99_1.html |title=An Anthropological Report on the Piankashaw Indians |at=Dockett 99 (a part of Consolidated Docket No. 315)] |year=1996 |institution=Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of Indiana University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315052547/http://www.gbl.indiana.edu/archives/dockett_99/99_1.html |archive-date=2008-03-15 |access-date=2020-04-09 }}</ref>

Around the beginning of the 18th century, with support from French traders coming down from what is now Canada who supplied them with firearms and wanted to trade with them for furs, the Miami pushed back into their historical territory and resettled it. At this time, the major bands of the Miami were:
*'''Atchakangouen''', '''Atchatchakangouen''', '''Atchakangouen''', '''Greater Miami''' or '''Crane Band''' (named after their leading clan, largest Miami band – their main village was [[Kekionga|Kekionga / Kiihkayonki]] ("blackberry bush") at the confluence of the [[St. Joseph River (Maumee River)|Saint Joseph (Kociihsa Siipiiwi)]] (″Bean River″), [[St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)|Saint Marys (Nameewa Siipiiwi/Mameewa Siipiiwi)]] (″River of the [[Atlantic sturgeon]]″) and [[Maumee River|Maumee River (Taawaawa Siipiiwi)]] (″River of the [[Odawa]]″) on the western edge of the [[Great Black Swamp]] in present-day Indiana – this place was although called ''saakiiweeki taawaawa siipiiwi'' (lit. ″the confluence of the Maumee River″); ''Kekionga / Kiihkayonki'' was although the capital of the Miami confederacy) 
*'''Kilatika''', '''Kilatak''', '''Kiratika''' called by the French, later known by the English as '''[[Eel River tribe|Eel River Band ''of Miamis'']]'''; autonym: '''Kineepikomeekwaki''' (″People along the Snake-Fish-River, i.e. Eel River″, their main village ''Kineepikwameekwa/Kenapekwamakwah/Kenapocomoco'' ("Snake-Fish-Town" or "Eel River Village") moved its location from the headwaters of the [[Eel River (Wabash River)|Eel River (Kineepikwameekwa Siipiiwi)]] ("Snake-Fish-River") (near [[Columbia City, Indiana]]) down to its mouth at the [[Wabash River|Wabash River (Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi)]] (″Shining White River/Bright Shiny River″) (near [[Logansport, Indiana]]) in northern Indiana; the ''Kilatika Band'' of the French years had their main village at the confluence of the [[Kankakee River]] and [[Des Plaines River]]s to form the Illinois River about 16&nbsp;km southwest of today's [[Joliet, Illinois]])
*'''Mengakonkia''' or '''Mengkonkia''', [[Michikinikwa]] ("Little Turtle")' people
*'''Pepikokia''', '''Pepicokea''', later known as '''Tepicon Band''' or '''Tippecanoe Band'''; autonym: '''Kiteepihkwana''' (″People of the Place of the buffalo fish″), their main village ''Kithtippecanuck / Kiteepihkwana'' (″Place of the [[Ictiobus|buffalo fish]]″) moved its location various times from the headwaters of the [[Tippecanoe River|Tippecanoe River (Kiteepihkwana siipiiwi)]] (″River of the buffalo fish″) (east of Old Tip Town, Indiana) to its mouth into the Wabash River (Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi) (near Lafayette, Indiana) – sometimes although known as ''Nation de la Gruë'' or ''Miamis of [[Meramec River]]'', possibly the name of a Miami–Illinois band named ''Myaarameekwa'' (″Ugly Fish, i.e. [[Catfish]] Band″) that lived along the Meramec River (″River of the ugly fish″)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meramecrivermonitor.com/MeramecThenandNow-Revised.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031932/http://www.meramecrivermonitor.com/MeramecThenandNow-Revised.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-16 |date=2003 |title=The Meramec River: Then & Now |first1=William R |last1=Kammer |publisher=University of Missouri, Rolla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ozarkoutdoors.net/meramec-river-history-name-origins/|title=Meramec River Name Origin – Ozark Outdoors Riverfront Resort|website=ozarkoutdoors.net|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821214551/https://ozarkoutdoors.net/meramec-river-history-name-origins/|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Piankeshaw]]''', '''Piankashaw''', '''Pianguichia'''; autonym: '''Peeyankihšiaki''' (″those who separate″ or ″those who split of″) lived in several villages along the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]]{{efn|West Fork of the White River was known to the native Miami–Illinois peoples as ''Wapahani'', meaning ″white sands″ or ''Waapi-nipi Siipiiwi'', meaning ″white lake river″.}} in western Indiana, the [[Vermilion River (Wabash River)|Vermilion River (Peeyankihšiaki Siipiiwi)]] (″River of the Peeyankihšiaki/Piankashaw″)<ref>{{cite web |url =http://genealogytrails.com/ill/vermilion/piankeshaw.html|title=piankeshaw Indian Village of Vermilion County, IL |first =K.|last= Torp|website=genealogytrails.com|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> and Wabash Rivers (Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi) in Illinois and later along the [[Great Miami River|Great Miami River (Ahsenisiipi)]] (″Rocky River″) in western Ohio, their first main village ''Peeyankihšionki'' (″Place of the Peeyankihšiaki/Piankashaw″) was at the confluence of Vermilion River and the Wabash River (near [[Cayuga, Indiana]]) – one minor settlement was at the confluence of the main tributaries of the Vermilion River (near [[Danville, Illinois]]), the second important settlement was named ''Aciipihkahkionki / Chippekawkay / Chippecoke'' (″Place of the ''edible'' Root″) and was situated at the mouth of the [[Embarras River (Illinois)|Embarras River]] in the Wabash River (near [[Vincennes, Indiana]]), in the 18th century a third settlement outside the historic Wabash River Valley named ''[[Pickawillany|Pinkwaawilenionki / Pickawillany]]'' (″Ash Place″) was erected along the Great Miami River (which developed into [[Piqua, Ohio]]){{efn|Both the Piankashaw and the Wea are known in historic sources as ''Newcalenous'' because of their close relationship.}}<ref name= Baxter4>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Nancy Niblack |year=1987 |title=The Miamis! |publisher=Emmis Books |isbn=0-9617367-3-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/miamis0000baxt }}</ref>
*'''[[Wea]]''', '''Wiatonon''', '''Ouiatanon''' or '''Ouaouiatanoukak'''; autonym: '''Waayaahtanooki''' or '''Waayaahtanwa''' (″People of the place of the whirlpool″), because their main village ''Waayaahtanonki'' (″Place of the [[whirlpool]]″) was at the riverside where a whirlpool was in the river, under the term "[[Ouiatanon]]" was both referred to a group of extinct five Wea settlements or to their historic tribal lands along the Middle Wabash Valley between the Eel River to the north and the Vermilion River to the south, the ″real″''Quiatanon'' at the mouth of the Wea Creek into the Wabash River was their main village{{efn|The common tribal name ''Wea'' was shortened from ''Wiatanon'' by the British. The spelling ''Ouiatanon'' was used by the French with the letters "[[Ou (digraph)|Ou]]" representing the sound of "[[W]]".}}<ref>{{cite web| work= myaamiahistory.wordpress.com| url= https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/walking-myaamionki/ |title= Walking Myaamionki: Quelle für Siedlungs-, Flüsse, Orts- sowie Eigennamen der einzelnen Bands| date= 16 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name= Anson13>{{cite book |last=Anson |first=Bert |year=2000 |title=The Miami Indians |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=0-8061-3197-7| page= 13}}</ref>

In 1696, the [[Comte de Frontenac]] appointed [[Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]] as commander of the French outposts in northeast [[Indiana]] and southwest Michigan.<ref name="Vincennes1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Vincennes, Sieur de (Jean Baptiste Bissot|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Americana|location=Danbury, Connecticut|publisher=Grolier|year=1990|volume=28|page=130}}</ref> He befriended the Miami people, settling first at the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]], and, in 1704, establishing a trading post and fort at ''[[Kekionga]]'', present-day [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], the de facto Miami capital which controlled an important land portage linking the Maumee River (which flowed into Lake Erie and offered a water path to Quebec) to the Wabash River (which flowed into the Ohio River and offered a water path to the Mississippi Valley).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Savage|first=Charlie|date=2020-07-31|title=When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/07/31/culture-wars-fort-wayne-373011|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Politico |language=en}}</ref>

By the 18th century, the Miami had for the most part returned to their homeland in present-day Indiana and Ohio. The eventual victory of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] in the [[French and Indian War]] ([[Seven Years' War]]) led to an increased British presence in traditional Miami areas.

Shifting alliances and the gradual encroachment of European-American settlement led to some Miami bands, including the ''[[Piankeshaw]]'', and ''[[Wea]],'' effectively merging into what was sometimes called the Miami Confederacy. Native Americans created larger tribal confederacies led by Chief [[Little Turtle]]; their alliances were for waging war against Europeans and to fight advancing white settlement, and the broader Miami itself became a subset of the so-called Western Confederacy during the Northwest Indian War.

The U.S. government later included the Miami with the [[Illiniwek|Illini]] for administrative purposes. The [[Eel River tribe|Eel River band]] maintained a somewhat separate status, which proved beneficial in the [[Indian Removal Act|removals]] of the 19th century. The Miami nation's traditional capital was ''Kekionga''.

====Locations====
'''French years'''<ref name=Tanner /><ref name=Rafert />
*1718–94 Kekionga, Portage of the [[Maumee River|Maumee]] and [[Wabash River|Wabash]] rivers, [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]
*1720–49 Portage of the [[Great Miami River|Miami River]], [[St. Joseph River (Maumee River)|St. Joseph]] and [[Kankakee River|Kankakee]] rivers
*unknown – 1733 Tepicon of the Wabash, Fort Ouiatenon, [[Lafayette, Indiana]]
*1733–51 Tepicon of the Tippecanoe, headwaters of the [[Tippecanoe River]] near [[Warsaw, Indiana|Warsaw]]
*1748–52 Pickawillany, Piqua on the [[Great Miami River]] in Ohio
*1752 Headwaters of the [[Eel River (Wabash River)|Eel River]], southwest of [[Columbia City, Indiana]]
*1752 Le Gris, Maumee River (Miami River), east of Fort Wayne

'''British years'''<ref name=Tanner /><ref name=Rafert />
*1763 Captured British at Fort Miami (1760–63) as a part of the [[Pontiac's Rebellion]]
*1774 Warriors participated in Lord [[Dunmore's War]] in Ohio
*1778 Kenapacomaqua, Wabash at the mouth of the Eel River, [[Logansport, Indiana]]
*1780 October&nbsp;– [[Augustin de La Balme|Agustin Mottin de La Balme]] (French, from [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]) headed a raid of [[Detroit]]. Stopped and raided Kekionga. La Balme withdrew to the west, where Little Turtle destroyed the raiders, killing one third of them, on November 5.