Editing Messianic Judaism (section)

===19th and early 20th centuries===
{{Main|Hebrew Christian Movement}}
In the 19th century, some groups attempted to create congregations and societies of Jewish converts to Christianity, though most of these early organizations were short-lived.{{sfn|Ariel|2006|p=192}} Early formal organizations run by converted Jews include the Anglican [[London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews]] of [[Joseph Frey]] (1809),<ref name=Moscrop/> which published the first [[Bible translations by language|Yiddish New Testament]] in 1821;{{sfn|Greenspoon|1998|ps=: The first Yiddish New Testament distributed by the BFBS was published by the London Jews Society in 1821; the translator was Benjamin Nehemiah Solomon, "a convert from Judaism, who [had come] over to England from Poland."}}{{Verify source|date=December 2022}} the "Beni Abraham" association, established by Frey in 1813 with a group of 41 [[Jewish Christian]]s who started meeting at Jews' Chapel, London for prayers Friday night and Sunday morning;{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=16|ps=: "On 9 September 1813 a group of 41 Jewish Christians established the Beni Abraham association at Jews' Chapel. These Jewish Christians met for prayer every Sunday morning and Friday evening."}} and the London [[Hebrew Christian Alliance of Great Britain]] founded by Dr. [[Carl Schwartz]] in 1866.<ref name=Schwartz1870/>

The September 1813 meeting of Frey's "Beni Abraham" congregation at the rented "Jews' Chapel" in [[Spitalfields]] is sometimes pointed to as the birth of the semi-autonomous [[Hebrew Christian movement]] within Anglican and other established churches in Britain.{{sfn|Sobel|1968|pp=241–250|ps=: "Hebrew Christianity was born in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century through the efforts of a group of converts calling themselves the ''Beni Abraham'', or Sons of Abraham. It was on 9 September 1813 that a group of forty-one Jewish converts to Christianity met in London setting forth their purposes as being 'to attend divine worship at the chapel and to visit daily two by two in rotation any sick member, to pray with him and read the Bible to him; and on Sunday all who could were to visit the sick one'."}} However, the minister of the chapel at Spitalfields evicted Frey and his congregation three years later, and Frey severed his connections with the society.{{sfn|Gidney|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/historylondonso00gidngoog <!-- quote=The Jews' Chapel, Spitalfields, had to be given up in 1816. --> 57]|ps=: "The Jews' Chapel, Spitalfields, had to be given up in 1816, as the minister refused his consent to its being licensed as a place of worship of the Church of England. Frey's connexion with the Society ceased in the same year, and he left for America."}} A new location was found and the Episcopal Jew's Chapel Abrahamic Society registered in 1835.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2003}}

In [[Eastern Europe]], [[Joseph Rabinowitz]] established a Hebrew Christian mission and congregation called "Israelites of the New Covenant" in [[Kishinev|Kishinev, Bessarabia]], in 1884.{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=180}}{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|pp=18, 19, 24}}{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA19 19]}} In 1865, Rabinowitz created a sample order of worship for Sabbath morning service based on a mixture of Jewish and Christian elements. Mark John Levy pressed the Church of England to allow members to embrace Jewish customs.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|pp=18, 19, 24}}

In the United States, a congregation of Jewish converts to Christianity was established in New York City in 1885.<ref name=NYT18851012/> In the 1890s, immigrant Jewish converts to Christianity worshipped at the [[Methodism|Methodist]] "Hope of Israel" mission on New York's [[Lower East Side]] while retaining some Jewish rites and customs.{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA9 9]}} In 1895, the 9th edition of Hope of Israel's ''Our Hope'' magazine carried the subtitle "A Monthly Devoted to the Study of Prophecy and to Messianic Judaism", the first use of the term "Messianic Judaism".{{sfn|Rausch|1982b}}{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=27}} <!-- Balmer supports the following TWO sentences -->In 1894, Christian missionary [[Leopold Cohn (Christian clergyman)|Leopold Cohn]], a convert from Judaism, founded the Brownsville Mission to the Jews in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York as a Christian mission to Jews. After several changes in name, structure, and focus, the organization is now called [[Chosen People Ministries]].{{sfn|Balmer|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vjwly0QyeU4C&dq=Encyclopedia+of+evangelicalism&pg=PA154 154{{ndash}}155]}}

In the early 1900s, there was a community of Messianic Jews in [[South Africa]] representing themselves as "Christian Jews" whose goal was to create a "true and genuine Christ-loving Jewish Christian Synagogue".<ref name = "TMJ" />

Missions to the Jews saw a period of growth between the 1920s and the 1960s.<ref name=Ariel2006p191/>{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&q=advocated%20offspring%20rhetoric%20Shalom&pg=PA191 191]}} In the 1940s and 1950s, missionaries in Israel, including the [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptists]], adopted the term {{transliteration|he|meshichyim}} ({{lang|he|משיחיים|rtl=yes}}, "messianics") to counter negative connotations of the word {{transliteration|he|notsrim}} ({{lang|he|נוצרים|rtl=yes}}, "Christians"). The term was used to designate all Jews who had converted to Protestant Evangelical Christianity.<ref name=Ariel2006p194/>