Editing Melvin Laird (section)

===Managerial style===
[[File:General Alexander Haig being presented with the Distinguished Service Medal by President Richard Nixon at the White House.jpg|left|thumb|247x247px|Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird with President Richard Nixon and General [[Alexander Haig]] and Secretary of State [[William P. Rogers]] and National Security Advisor [[Henry Kissinger]] at The [[Oval Office]] in The [[White House]], [[Washington, D.C.]] January 4, 1973.]]
Laird did not depart abruptly from the McNamara–[[Clark Clifford|Clifford]] management system, but rather instituted gradual changes. He pursued what he called "participatory management", an approach calculated to gain the cooperation of the military leadership in reducing the Defense budget and the size of the military establishment. While retaining decision-making functions for himself and the deputy secretary of defense, Laird somewhat decentralized policymaking and operations. He accorded the service secretaries and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff|JCS]] a more influential role in the development of budgets and force levels. He revised the [[PPBS]], including a return to the use of service budget ceilings and service programming of forces within these ceilings. The previously powerful systems analysis office could no longer initiate planning, only evaluate and review service proposals.

Laird noted this in his FY 1971 report, "Except for the major policy decisions, I am striving to decentralize decisionmaking as much as possible ... So, we are placing primary responsibility for detailed force planning on the Joint Chiefs and the Services, and we are delegating to the Military Departments more responsibility to manage development and procurement programs." The military leadership was enthusiastic about Laird's methods. As the [[Washington Post]] reported after his selection as secretary of defense, "Around the military-industrial complex these days they're singing 'Praise the Laird and pass the transformation.'"[[File:Nixon with Melvin Laird.gif|thumb|right|238px|Laird with President Richard Nixon, under whom he served as Secretary of Defense.]]Laird did not shrink from centralized management where he found it useful or warranted. His tenure saw the establishment of the [[Defense Investigative Service]], the [[Defense Mapping Agency]], the [[Office of Net Assessment]], and the [[Defense Security Assistance Agency]] (to administer all DoD military assistance programs). In October 1972 Congress passed legislation creating a second deputy secretary of defense position, a proposal Laird strongly supported, even though he never filled the position. Laird paid special attention to two important interdepartmental bodies: the [[Washington Special Action Group]] (WSAG), composed of senior Defense, [[United States Department of State|State]], and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officials, which gathered information necessary for presidential decisions on the crisis use of U.S. military forces; and the [[Defense Program Review Committee]] (DPRC), which brought together representatives from many agencies, including DoD, State, the [[Council of Economic Advisers]], and the [[Office of Management and Budget]], to analyze defense budget issues as a basis for advising the president, placing, as Laird commented, "national security needs in proper relationship to non-defense requirements."