Editing Mary I of England (section)

==Adulthood==
In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the King's favour and was beheaded. Elizabeth, like Mary, was declared illegitimate and stripped of her [[Second Succession Act|succession rights]].<ref>Whitelock, p. 91.</ref> Within two weeks of Anne's execution, Henry married [[Jane Seymour]], who urged her husband to make peace with Mary.<ref>Porter, p. 121; Waller, p. 33; Whitelock, p. 81.</ref> Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate [[papal]] authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. She attempted to reconcile with Henry by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but was bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's demands.<ref>Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 83–89.</ref> 

Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court.<ref>Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 90–91.</ref> Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite, [[Susan Clarencieux]].<ref>Loades, p. 105.</ref> Mary's [[Privy Purse]] accounts for this period, kept by [[Mary Finch]], show that [[Hatfield House]], the [[Palace of Beaulieu]] (also called Newhall), [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at Greenwich, [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] and [[Hampton Court]].<ref>Madden, F. (ed.) (1831) ''The Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary'', quoted in Loades, p. 111.</ref> Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards, one of her favourite pastimes.<ref>Porter, pp. 129–132; Whitelock, p. 28.</ref> 

Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. The rebellion, known as the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], was ruthlessly suppressed.<ref>Porter, pp. 124–125.</ref> Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there is no suggestion that Mary was directly involved.<ref>Loades, p. 108.</ref> In 1537, Queen Jane died after giving birth to a son, [[Edward VI of England|Edward]]. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother and acted as chief mourner at the Queen's funeral.<ref>Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, pp. 95–96.</ref>
[[File:Mary I by Master John.jpg|thumb|alt=Mary as a young woman|Mary in 1544]]
[[File:Family of Henry VIII c 1545.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|1545 painting showing left to right: 'Mother Jak', Mary, Edward, Henry VIII, Jane Seymour (posthumous), Elizabeth, Will Somers (court fool)]]

Mary was courted by [[Philip, Duke of Bavaria]], from late 1539, but he was [[Lutheran]] and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful.<ref>Loades, pp. 127–129; Porter, pp. 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101.</ref> In 1539, the King's chief minister, [[Thomas Cromwell]], negotiated a potential alliance with the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Duchy of Cleves]]. Suggestions that Mary marry [[William I, Duke of Cleves]], who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister [[Anne of Cleves|Anne]] was agreed.<ref>Loades, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, p. 101.</ref> When the King saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage.<ref>Whitelock, pp. 103–104.</ref> Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540; one dubious charge against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself.<ref>Whitelock, p. 105.</ref> Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded.<ref>Whitelock, pp. 105–106.</ref>

In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a [[Exeter Conspiracy|Catholic plot]] in which her son [[Reginald Pole]] was implicated.<ref>Loades, p. 122; Porter, p. 137.</ref> Her executioner was "a wretched and blundering youth" who "literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces".<ref>Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108.</ref> In 1542, after the execution of Henry's fifth wife, [[Catherine Howard]], Henry invited Mary to the royal Christmas festivities.<ref>Porter, p. 143.</ref> At court, while her father was between marriages and thus without a consort, Mary acted as hostess.<ref>Waller, p. 37.</ref> In 1543, Henry married his sixth and last wife, [[Catherine Parr]], who brought the family closer together.<ref>Porter, pp. 143–144; Whitelock, p. 110.</ref> Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession through the [[Act of Succession 1544]] (also known as the Third Succession Act), placing them after Edward{{snd}}though both remained legally illegitimate.<ref>Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112.</ref>

Henry VIII died in 1547, and Edward succeeded him. Mary inherited estates in [[Norfolk]], [[Suffolk]] and [[Essex]], and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own.<ref>Loades, pp. 137–138; Whitelock, p. 130.</ref> Since Edward was still a child, rule passed to a regency council dominated by Protestants, who attempted to establish their faith throughout the country. For example, the [[Act of Uniformity 1549]] prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Cranmer's ''[[Book of Common Prayer (1549)|Book of Common Prayer]]''. Mary remained faithful to Roman Catholicism and defiantly heard traditional Mass in her own chapel. She appealed to her cousin Emperor Charles V to apply diplomatic pressure demanding that she be allowed to practise her religion.<ref>Loades, pp. 143–147; Porter, pp. 160–162; Whitelock, pp. 133–134.</ref>

For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court.<ref>Porter, p. 154; Waller, p. 40.</ref> A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing.<ref>Loades, pp. 153–157; Porter, pp. 169–176; Waller, pp. 41–42; Whitelock, pp. 144–147.</ref> Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued. Mary attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, then 34, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship.<ref>Porter, p. 178; Whitelock, p. 149.</ref> Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward persistently refused to drop his demands.<ref>Porter, pp. 179–182; Whitelock, pp. 148–160.</ref>