Editing Mary II (section)

== Glorious Revolution ==
{{Main|Glorious Revolution}}
[[File:Mary II after William Wissing.jpg|thumb|right|Mary by [[Jan Verkolje]], 1685]]
Disgruntled Protestant politicians and noblemen were in contact with Mary's husband as early as 1686.<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 86</ref> After James took the step of forcing Anglican clergymen to read the [[Declaration of Indulgence (1687)|Declaration of Indulgence]]—the proclamation granting religious liberty to Catholics and [[dissenter]]s—from their churches in May 1688, his popularity plunged further.<ref name=vdk91/> Alarm amongst Protestants increased when his wife, [[Mary of Modena]], gave birth to a son—[[James Francis Edward]]—in June 1688, for the son would, unlike Mary and Anne, be raised a Roman Catholic. Some charged that the boy was [[:wikt:supposititious|supposititious]], having been secretly smuggled into the Queen's room in a bed-warming pan as a substitute for her stillborn baby.<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 92</ref> Others thought the father was someone other than James, who was rumoured to be impotent.{{efn|Genetic testing of James Francis Edward's descendants has since shown he was indeed a Stuart.<ref>Keates p. 32</ref>}} Seeking information, Mary sent a pointed list of questions to her sister, Anne, regarding the circumstances of the birth. Anne's reply, and continued gossip, seemed to confirm Mary's suspicions that the child was not her natural brother, and that her father was conspiring to secure a Catholic succession.<ref>Van der Kiste, pp. 90, 94–95; Waller, pp. 268–269</ref>

On 30 June, seven notable English nobles, later called "the Immortal Seven" [[Invitation to William|secretly invited William]]—then in the [[Dutch Republic]] with Mary—to come to England with an army to depose James.<ref>Van der Kiste, pp. 93–94</ref> William may have been jealous of his wife's position as the heiress to the English Crown, but according to [[Gilbert Burnet]], Mary convinced her husband that she did not care for political power, and told him "she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him king for life".<ref name="neb">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mary II., Queen |volume=17 |pages=816 }}</ref> She would, she assured him, always obey her husband as she had promised to do in her marriage vows.<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 85; Waller, p. 266</ref>

William agreed to invade and issued a declaration which referred to James's newborn son as the "pretended Prince of Wales". He also gave a list of grievances of the English people and stated that his proposed expedition was for the sole purpose of having "a free and lawful Parliament assembled".<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 98</ref> Having been turned back by storms in October, William and the Dutch army finally landed in England on 5 November 1688, without Mary, who stayed behind in the Netherlands.<ref>Van der Kiste, pp. 100–102</ref> The disaffected English Army and Navy went over to William,<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 104</ref> and on 11 December the defeated King James attempted to flee, but was intercepted. A second attempt at flight, on 23 December, was successful; William deliberately allowed James to escape to France, where he lived in exile until his death.<ref>Van der Kiste, pp. 105–107</ref>

Mary was upset by the circumstances surrounding the deposition of her father, and was torn between concern for him and duty to her husband, but was convinced that her husband's actions, however unpleasant, were necessary to "save the Church and State".<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 95; Waller, pp. 269–271</ref> When Mary travelled to England after the New Year, she wrote of her "secret joy" at returning to her homeland, "but that was soon checked with the consideration of my father's misfortunes".<ref>Mary, quoted by Van der Kiste, p. 113 and Waller, p. 271</ref> William ordered her to appear cheerful on their triumphant arrival in London. As a result, she was criticised by [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Sarah Churchill]] among others, for appearing cold to her father's plight.<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 113; Waller, pp. 272–273</ref>
[[File:King William III of England, (1650-1702).jpg|thumb|Mary's husband, William of Orange, by [[Godfrey Kneller]]]]
In January 1689, a [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament of England]] summoned by the Prince of Orange assembled, and much discussion relating to the appropriate course of action ensued.<ref>Waller, p. 274</ref> A party led by [[Lord Danby]] held that Mary should be sole monarch, as the rightful hereditary heir, while William and his supporters were adamant that a husband could not be subject to his wife.<ref>Waller, pp. 274–275</ref> William wished to reign as a king, rather than function as a mere consort of a queen.<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 108; Waller, p. 273</ref> For her part, Mary did not wish to be queen regnant, believing that women should defer to their husbands, and "knowing my heart is not made for a kingdom and my inclination leads me to a retired quiet life".<ref>Mary, quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 114 and Waller, p. 273</ref>

On 13 February 1689, the English Parliament passed the [[Declaration of Right, 1689|Declaration of Right]], in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee on 11 December 1688, had abdicated the government of the realm, and that the Throne had thereby become vacant.<ref name="Parl">{{Cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-hist-proceedings/vol2/pp255-277 |title=The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons |volume=2 |date=1742 |publisher=British History Online |pages=255–277 |chapter=King James' Parliament: The succession of William and Mary |access-date=19 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="RH">{{Cite web |title=William III and Mary II |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page100.asp |access-date=18 September 2006 |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> Parliament offered the Crown not to James's son, who would have been the [[heir apparent]] under normal circumstances, but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. The only precedent for a joint monarchy dated from the sixteenth century: when [[Queen Mary I]] married [[Philip II of Spain|Philip of Spain]], it was agreed that the latter would take the title of king, but only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, however, would be king even after his wife's death, and "the sole and full exercise of the regal power [would be] executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives."<ref name="Parl" /> The declaration was later extended to exclude not only James and his heirs (other than Anne) from the throne, but all Catholics, since "it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince".<ref name="RH" />

The [[bishop of London]], [[Henry Compton (bishop)|Henry Compton]] (one of the "Immortal Seven"), crowned William and Mary together at [[Westminster Abbey]] on 11 April 1689. Normally, the [[archbishop of Canterbury]] performs coronations, but the incumbent archbishop, [[William Sancroft]], although an [[Anglican]], refused to recognise the validity of James II's removal.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=William Sancroft |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Sancroft |access-date=21 September 2006 |date=2006}}</ref> Neither William nor Mary enjoyed the ceremony; she thought it "all vanity" and William called it "Popish".<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 118</ref> 

On the same day, the Convention of the [[Estates of Scotland]]—which was much more divided than the English Parliament—finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland, that "no Papist can be King or Queen of this Realm", that William and Mary would be joint sovereigns, and that William would exercise sole and full power. The following day, they were proclaimed king and queen in Edinburgh. They took the Scottish coronation oath in London on 11 May.<ref name="Parl" />
Even after the declaration, there was still substantial support for James from the [[Nonjuring schism]] in all three kingdoms, particularly in parts of Scotland. [[John Graham of Claverhouse|Viscount Dundee]] raised an army in the [[Scottish Highlands]] and won a convincing victory at [[Battle of Killiecrankie|Killiecrankie]] on 27 July. The huge losses suffered by Dundee's troops, however, coupled with his fatal wounding, served to remove the only effective resistance to William and the uprising was quickly crushed, suffering a resounding defeat by Scottish [[Covenanters]] the next month at the [[Battle of Dunkeld]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st viscount of Dundee |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Graham-of-Claverhouse-1st-Viscount-of-Dundee |access-date=21 September 2006 |date=2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Contemplator's Short History of "Bonnie Dundee" John Graham, Earl of Claverhouse, Viscount of Dundee |url=http://www.contemplator.com/history/claverhouse.html |access-date=20 September 2006}}</ref>