Editing Martin Kamen (section)

==Security risk controversy==
Kamen came under long-term suspicion of espionage activity as a result of two incidents in 1944. He has described his experiences during this era in his autobiography, ''Radiant Science, Dark Politics''. He first aroused suspicion while working at Oak Ridge.<ref name="Chang"/> A cyclotron operator prepared [[radioactive]] [[sodium]] for an experiment, and Kamen was surprised that the resulting sodium had a purple glow, indicating it was much more intensely radioactive than could be produced in a cyclotron. Kamen recognized immediately that the sodium must have been irradiated in a [[nuclear reactor]] elsewhere in the facility. Because of wartime secrecy, he had not been aware of the reactor's existence. He excitedly told Ernest O. Lawrence about his discovery, in the hearing of Lawrence's Army escort. Shortly thereafter, an investigation was launched to find out who had leaked the information to Kamen.<ref name="Chang"/><ref name=guardian/>
[[File:KasparovKamenKheifitsLarge.gif|thumb|A surveillance photograph of [[Grigory Kheifets|Kheifets]], Kamen and Kasparov]]
After returning to Berkeley, Kamen met two Russian officials at a party given by his friend, the violinist [[Isaac Stern]], whom he sometimes accompanied as a [[viola]] player in social evenings of [[chamber music]].<ref name="guardian" /> The Russians were [[Grigory Kheifets]] and [[Grigory Kasparov]], posted as undercover [[KGB]] officers in the [[Soviet Union]]'s San Francisco consulate. One of them asked Kamen for assistance in getting in touch with Rad Lab scientist [[John H. Lawrence]] about an experimental radiation treatment for a colleague with [[leukemia]] (Commander Kalinin of the Russian Navy, under treatment at the United States Navy Hospital in Seattle, Washington).<ref name="Creager">{{cite book |last1=Creager |first1=Angela N. H. |title=Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine |date=2 October 2013 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-01794-5 |pages=56–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdpAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |access-date=12 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Kamen put them in contact, and in appreciation he was invited for dinner at a local restaurant. [[FBI]] agents observed the dinner, on July 1, 1944, took a photograph of the men together, and submitted a report alleging Kamen to have discussed atomic research with Kheifets.<ref name="Creager" /><ref name="guardian" /><ref>Report of January 11, 1944, FBI Silvermaster File, serial 3378</ref> In a memorandum of July 11, 1944, Army officials ordered Lawrence to have Martin Kamen dismissed from his Berkeley position and his work on the Manhattan Project on suspicion of being a “security risk.” There was no hearing or method of appeal.<ref name="Creager" /><ref name="Papers" /><ref name="CALIFA">{{cite web |title=In Memoriam: Martin David Kamen Professor Emeritus of Chemistry UC San Diego 1913-2002 |url=https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/MartinDavidKamen.html |website=University of California Senate |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

In addition, [[Ruth B. Shipley]] at the Passport Division of the State Department revoked Kamen's passport in 1947, and repeatedly refused to reissue it. This had significant negative effects on Kamen's career and research, preventing him from traveling abroad to give lectures, attend conferences, and take up visiting professorships.<ref name="Yale">{{cite journal |title=Passport Refusals for Political Reasons: Constitutional Issues and Judicial Review |journal=The Yale Law Journal |date=1952 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=171–203 |doi=10.2307/793677 |jstor=793677 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/793677 |access-date=15 August 2022 |issn=0044-0094}}</ref> 
In 1948, the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] summoned Kamen to testify about his dinner conversation of 1944.<ref>{{cite book |last1=United States Congress House Committee on Un-American Activities |title=US House of Representatives, 80th Congress, Special Session, Committee on Un-American Activities, Report on Soviet Espionage Activities in Connection with the Atom Bomb |date=September 28, 1948 |publisher=US Gov. Printing Office |pages=181–182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhYWAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA181}}</ref> From 1947-1955 Kamen engaged in repeated attempts to regain his passport and to engage in international scientific activities. He sought legal counsel in 1950, and started litigation to regain his passport and right to travel, gaining support from the [[Federation of American Scientists]], the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and others.<ref name="Papers">{{cite web |title=Register of Martin David Kamen Papers - MSS 0098 |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findingaids/mss0098.html |website=library.ucsd.edu |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

In 1951 the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' published an article that named him as a suspected spy for the Soviets, further damaging his reputation. Soon after, Kamen attempted suicide. He went on to sue the ''Chicago Tribune'' and the ''Washington Times-Herald'' for [[libel]], winning his suit in 1955. It took Kamen nearly 10 years to establish his innocence and prove that he had been unjustly [[blacklist]]ed as a security risk.<ref name="AHF">{{cite web |title=Martin Kamen |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/martin-kamen |website=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=12 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was finally able to regain his passport as of July 9, 1955.<ref name="Kirkham">{{cite journal |last1=Kirkham |first1=James Francis |title=Administrative Law: Denial of Passport upon Undisclosed Information |journal=California Law Review |date=1956 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=579–584 |doi=10.2307/3478757 |jstor=3478757 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478757 |access-date=15 August 2022 |issn=0008-1221}}</ref>