Editing Maria Callas (section)

==Education==
Callas received her musical education in Athens. Initially, her mother tried to enroll her at the prestigious [[Athens Conservatoire]], without success. At the audition, her voice, still untrained, failed to impress, and the conservatoire's director Filoktitis Oikonomidis refused to accept her without her satisfying the theoretic prerequisites ([[Solfège|solfege]]). In the summer of 1937, her mother visited Maria Trivella at the younger [[National Conservatoire (Greece)|Greek National Conservatoire]], asking her to take Mary, as she was then called, as a student for a modest fee. In 1957, Trivella recalled her impression of "Mary, a very plump young girl, wearing big glasses for her myopia":
<blockquote>The tone of the voice was warm, lyrical, intense; it swirled and flared like a flame and filled the air with melodious reverberations like a [[carillon]]. It was by any standards an amazing phenomenon, or rather it was a great talent that needed control, technical training and strict discipline in order to shine with all its brilliance.{{sfn|Petsalis-Diomidis|2001|p={{Page needed|date=September 2018}}}}</blockquote>

Trivella agreed to tutor Callas, completely waiving her tuition fees, but no sooner had Callas started her formal lessons and vocal exercises than Trivella began to feel that Callas was not a [[contralto]], as she had been told, but a [[dramatic soprano]]. Subsequently, they began working on raising the [[tessitura]] of her voice and to lighten its [[timbre]].{{sfn|Petsalis-Diomidis|2001|p={{Page needed|date=September 2018}}}} Trivella recalled Callas as
<blockquote>A model student. Fanatical, uncompromising, dedicated to her studies heart and soul. Her progress was phenomenal. She studied five or six hours a day.&nbsp;... Within six months, she was singing the most difficult arias in the international opera repertoire with the utmost musicality.{{sfn|Petsalis-Diomidis|2001|p={{Page needed|date=September 2018}}}}</blockquote>
On April 11, 1938, in her public debut, Callas ended the recital of Trivella's class at the Parnassos music hall with a [[duet]] from ''[[Tosca]]''.{{sfn|Petsalis-Diomidis|2001|p={{Page needed|date=September 2018}}}} Callas recalled that Trivella
<blockquote>had a French method, which was placing the voice in the nose, rather nasal&nbsp;... and I had the problem of not having low [[Chest voice|chest tones]], which is essential in ''[[bel canto]]'&nbsp;'... And that's where I learned my chest tones.<ref name="harewoodparis">Interview with [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood|Lord Harewood]], Paris, 1968. Complete audio recording of the interview, including portions not released on DVD, ''The Callas Edition'', on 3 CDs.</ref></blockquote>

However, when interviewed by Pierre Desgraupes on the French program ''L'invitée du dimanche'', Callas attributed the development of her chest voice not to Trivella but to her next teacher, the Spanish [[coloratura soprano]] [[Elvira de Hidalgo]].<ref name="Pierre Desgraupes 1968">"L'invitée du dimanche" hosted by Pierre Desgraupes, 1968, released on ''The Callas Conversations, Vol. 2'' [DVD] 2007, EMI Classics</ref>

Callas studied with Trivella for two years before her mother secured another audition at the Athens Conservatoire, with de Hidalgo. Callas auditioned with "Ocean, Thou Mighty Monster" from [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber's]] ''[[Oberon (Weber)|Oberon]]''. De Hidalgo recalled hearing "tempestuous, extravagant cascades of sounds, as yet uncontrolled but full of drama and emotion".{{sfn|Petsalis-Diomidis|2001|p={{Page needed|date=September 2018}}}} She agreed to take her as a pupil immediately, but Callas's mother asked de Hidalgo to wait for a year, as Callas would be graduating from the National Conservatoire and could begin working. On April 2, 1939, Callas undertook the part of Santuzza in a student production of [[Pietro Mascagni|Mascagni's]] ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]'' by the [[Greek National Opera]] at the [[Olympia City Music Theatre "Maria Callas"|Olympia Theatre]], and that autumn she enrolled at the Athens Conservatoire in Elvira de Hidalgo's class.{{sfn|Petsalis-Diomidis|2001|p={{Page needed|date=September 2018}}}}

In 1968 Callas told [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood|Lord Harewood]],
<blockquote>De Hidalgo had the real great training, maybe even the last real training of the {{em|real}} ''bel canto''. As a young girl—thirteen years old—I was immediately thrown into her arms, meaning that I learned the secrets, the ways of this ''bel canto'', which of course as you well know, is not just beautiful singing. It is a very hard training; it is a sort of a strait-jacket that you're supposed to put on, whether you like it or not. You have to learn to read, to write, to form your sentences, how far you can go, fall, hurt yourself, put yourself back on your feet continuously. De Hidalgo had one method, which was the real ''bel canto'' way, where no matter how heavy a voice, it should always be kept light, it should always be worked on in a flexible way, never to weigh it down. It is a method of keeping the voice light and flexible and pushing the instrument into a certain zone where it might not be too large in sound, but penetrating. And teaching the scales, trills, all the ''bel canto'' embellishments, which is a whole vast language of its own.<ref name="harewoodparis"/></blockquote>

De Hidalgo later recalled Callas as "a phenomenon&nbsp;... She would listen to all my students, sopranos, mezzos, tenors&nbsp;... She could do it all."<ref name="documentary">{{cite video|title=Callas: A Documentary (Plus Bonus)|medium=TV documentary, DVD|people=[[John Ardoin]] (writer), [[Franco Zeffirelli]] (narrator) |date=1978 | publisher=The Bel Canto Society}}</ref> Callas said that she would go to "the conservatoire at 10 in the morning and leave with the last pupil&nbsp;... devouring music" for 10 hours a day. When asked by her teacher why she did this, her answer was that even "with the least talented pupil, he can teach you something that you, the most talented, might not be able to do."<ref name="harewoodlondon">{{cite video|people=Maria Callas in conversation with [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood|Lord Harewood]] for the BBC, Paris, April 1968 |title=Maria Callas: The Callas Conversations |medium=DVD |publisher=EMI Classics}}</ref>