Editing Major depressive disorder (section)

===Other health problems===
Depression can also arise after a chronic or terminal medical condition, such as [[HIV/AIDS]] or [[asthma]], and may be labeled "secondary depression".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Simon GE |title=Treating depression in patients with chronic disease: recognition and treatment are crucial; depression worsens the course of a chronic illness |journal=The Western Journal of Medicine |volume=175 |issue=5 |pages=292–93 |date=November 2001 |pmid=11694462 |pmc=1071593 |doi=10.1136/ewjm.175.5.292}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Paula Clayton |vauthors=Clayton PJ, Lewis CE |title=The significance of secondary depression |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25–35 |date=March 1981 |pmid=6455456 |doi=10.1016/0165-0327(81)90016-1 }}</ref> It is unknown whether the underlying diseases induce depression through effect on quality of life, or through shared etiologies (such as degeneration of the [[basal ganglia]] in [[Parkinson's disease]] or immune dysregulation in asthma).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kewalramani A, Bollinger ME, Postolache TT |title=Asthma and Mood Disorders |journal=International Journal of Child Health and Human Development |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=115–23 |date=1 January 2008 |pmid=19180246 |pmc=2631932 }}</ref> Depression may also be [[iatrogenic]] (the result of healthcare), such as drug-induced depression. Therapies associated with depression include [[interferon]]s, [[beta blocker]]s,<ref name="e058">{{cite journal | last1=Qato | first1=Dima Mazen | last2=Ozenberger | first2=Katharine | last3=Olfson | first3=Mark | title=Prevalence of Prescription Medications With Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States | journal=JAMA | volume=319 | issue=22 | date=12 June 2018 | pages=2289–2298 | issn=0098-7484 | pmid=29896627 | pmc=6583503 | doi=10.1001/jama.2018.6741 | doi-access=free | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2684607/jama_qato_2018_oi_180056.pdf | access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref> [[isotretinoin]],<ref name="w764">{{cite journal | last=Bremner | first=J. Douglas | title=Isotretinoin and neuropsychiatric side effects: Continued vigilance is needed | journal=Journal of Affective Disorders Reports | volume=6 | date=2021 | pmid=37168254 | pmc=10168661 | doi=10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100230 | doi-access=free | page=100230}}</ref> [[contraceptives]],<ref name="e058"/> cardiac agents,<ref name="r630">{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Lijun | last2=Bao | first2=Yanping | last3=Tao | first3=Shuhui | last4=Zhao | first4=Yimiao | last5=Liu | first5=Meiyan | title=The association between cardiovascular drugs and depression/anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis | journal=Pharmacological Research | volume=175 | date=2022 | doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106024 | doi-access=free | page=106024| pmid=34890773 }}</ref> [[anticonvulsant]]s,<ref name="j396">{{cite book | last=de Araujo Filho | first=Gerardo Maria | title=Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy | chapter=Can We Anticipate and Prevent the Occurrence of Iatrogenic Psychiatric Events Caused by Anti-seizure Medications and Epilepsy Surgery? | series=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | volume=55 | date=2021 | isbn=978-3-031-03222-6 | doi=10.1007/7854_2021_228 | pages=281–305| pmid=33860467 }}</ref> and [[Hormone therapy|hormonal agents]].<ref name="m323">{{cite journal | last1=Wium-Andersen | first1=Marie K. | last2=Jørgensen | first2=Terese S. H. | last3=Halvorsen | first3=Anniken H. | last4=Hartsteen | first4=Birgitte H. | last5=Jørgensen | first5=Martin B. | last6=Osler | first6=Merete | title=Association of Hormone Therapy With Depression During Menopause in a Cohort of Danish Women | journal=JAMA Network Open | volume=5 | issue=11 | date=1 November 2022 | issn=2574-3805 | pmid=36318208 | pmc=9627415 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39491 | doi-access=free | page=e2239491 | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2798003/wiumandersen_2022_oi_221117_1666637052.78827.pdf | access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref> [[Celiac disease]] is another possible contributing factor.<ref name="a192">{{cite journal | last1=Mikulska | first1=Joanna | last2=Pietrzak | first2=Diana | last3=Rękawek | first3=Paweł | last4=Siudaj | first4=Krystian | last5=Walczak-Nowicka | first5=Łucja Justyna | last6=Herbet | first6=Mariola | title=Celiac disease and depressive disorders as nutritional implications related to common factors – A comprehensive review | journal=Behavioural Brain Research | volume=462 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114886 | page=114886| pmid=38309373 }}</ref>

Substance use in early age is associated with increased risk of developing depression later in life.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brook DW, Brook JS, Zhang C, Cohen P, Whiteman M | title = Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 59 | issue = 11 | pages = 1039–44 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12418937 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.1039 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Depression occurring after giving birth is called [[postpartum depression]] and is thought to be the result of hormonal changes associated with [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meltzer-Brody S |title=New insights into perinatal depression: pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |date=9 January 2017 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.1/smbrody |pmid=21485749 |pmc=3181972 }}</ref> [[Seasonal affective disorder]], a type of depression associated with seasonal changes in sunlight, is thought to be triggered by decreased sunlight.<ref name="x376">{{cite book | last1=Roecklein | first1=Kathryn A. | last2=Wong | first2=Patricia M. | title=Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine | chapter=Seasonal Affective Disorder | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | date=2020 | isbn=978-3-030-39901-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_836 | pages=1964–1966}}</ref>
Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>6</sub> and B<sub>12</sub> deficiency may cause depression in females.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Wu Y, Zhang L, Li S, Zhang D | title=Associations of dietary vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=Nutrition Reviews | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | date=29 April 2021 | volume=80 | issue=3 | pages=351–366 | issn=0029-6643 | doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuab014 | pmid=33912967 }}</ref>

A 2025 study found that, among more than 172,500 adults in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] aged 39 and older, those with a history of depression experienced the onset of [[chronic illnesses]] approximately 30% earlier than those without depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fleetwood |first1=Kelly J. |last2=Guthrie |first2=Bruce |last3=Jackson |first3=Caroline A. |last4=Kelly |first4=Paul A. T. |last5=Mercer |first5=Stewart W. |last6=Morales |first6=Daniel R. |last7=Norrie |first7=John D. |last8=Smith |first8=Daniel J. |last9=Sudlow |first9=Cathie |last10=Prigge |first10=Regina |date=13 February 2025 |title=Depression and physical multimorbidity: A cohort study of physical health condition accrual in UK Biobank |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=e1004532 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004532 |doi-access=free |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=11825000 |pmid=39946376}}</ref>