Editing Magnoliaceae (section)

== Systematics ==

=== Foundational Taxonomic and Systematics Research (18th-19th century) ===
The earliest botanical description of the Magnoliaceae as a family is in Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu's ''Genera Plantarum'', which describes eight genera included within the family (''Euryandra'', ''Drymis'', Illicium, ''Michelia'', ''Magnolia'', ''Talauma, Liriodendrum'', and ''Mayna'') as well as four genera closely related to the family (''Dillenia'', ''Curatella'', ''Ochna'', and ''Quassia'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.284 |title=Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV |date=1789 |publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois |location=Parisiis|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.284 }}</ref> Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera Plantarum'', almost a century later, sorts the family's genera into three tribes: the Wintereae, including the genera ''Drimys'' and ''Illicium'', the Magnolieae, including the genera ''Talauma, Magnolia, Manglieta, Michelia'', and ''Liriodendron'', and the Schizandreae, including the genera ''Schizandra'' and ''Kadsura''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bentham |first1=George |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.747 |title=Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita |last2=Hooker |first2=Joseph Dalton |date=1862 |publisher=A. Black |location=Londini|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.747 }}</ref> In his following work ''Adansonia'', Baillon recognizes Bentham and Hooker's changes and additions but proposes an alternative taxonomy where he sets aside the ''Tulipier'' genus and include all remaining genera under one Magnolieae tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baillon |first=H |title=Adansonia; recueil d'observations botaniques |publisher=H. Baillon and F. Savy |year=1866 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> From this basic separation, scholars have continued to debate the systematics of the family.

=== Modern Systematics Research (20th-21st century) ===
Dandy's taxonomic proposal in 1927 sets aside the genus ''Liriodendron'' as a part of the subfamily Liriodendreae and includes Bentham and Hooker's four genera in addition to four more (''Kmeria, Pachylarnax, Alcimandra'', and ''Elmerrillia'') within the Magnolieae tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dandy |first=J. E. |date=1927 |title=The Genera of Magnolieae |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4107601 |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) |volume=1927 |issue=7 |pages=257–264 |doi=10.2307/4107601 |jstor=4107601 |issn=0366-4457}}</ref> Dandy's model with eleven genera was widely accepted until molecular evidence brought it into question (Figlar, 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnolia Classification Information |url=https://www.magnoliasociety.org/ClassificationArticle |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.magnoliasociety.org}}</ref> Qiu et al. analyzed molecular data in 1995 to investigate the divergences within and between East Asian and East North American species of ''Magnolia'', presenting molecular evidence which shows that Dandy's section ''Rytidospermum'' is not monophyletic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Yin-Long |last2=Parks |first2=Clifford R. |last3=Chase |first3=Mark W. |date=December 1995 |title=Molecular divergence in the eastern Asia– eastern North America disjunct section ''Rytidospermum'' of ''Magnolia'' (Magnoliaceae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13862.x |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=1589–1598 |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13862.x |issn=0002-9122}}</ref> Azuma et al. employ both molecular phylogeny and parsimonious mapping of the chemistry of floral scents in 1999 to propose a phylogenetic tree where, unlike Dandy's taxonomy, they include ''Michelia'' species within the ''Magnolia'' genus as a sister group to the subgenus ''Yulania'' and also find that the section ''Rytidospermum'' is not monophyletic, placing some of its members in a clade with the section ''Oyama''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azuma |first1=Hiroshi |last2=Thien |first2=Leonard B |last3=Kawano |first3=Shoichi |date=September 1999 |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013885 |journal=Journal of Plant Research |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.1007/pl00013885 |bibcode=1999JPlR..112..291A |s2cid=206862607 |issn=0918-9440}}</ref>

The most recent research on the family continues the debate over the genera of the family. Wang et al.'s study analyzes complete chloroplast genome sequences of 86 species in the Magnoliaceae and supports a phylogeny with fifteen major clades, two subfamilies, two genera, and fifteen sections, maintaining ''Magnolia'''s classification as one monophyletic genus.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yu-Bing |last2=Liu |first2=Bin-Bin |last3=Nie |first3=Ze-Long |last4=Chen |first4=Hong-Feng |last5=Chen |first5=Fa-Ju |last6=Figlar |first6=Richard B. |last7=Wen |first7=Jun |date=2020-05-25 |title=Major clades and a revised classification of ''Magnolia'' and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12588 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=673–695 |doi=10.1111/jse.12588 |issn=1674-4918}}</ref> Dong et al. also place ''Magnolia'' as the sole genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae made up of fifteen sections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shan-Shan |last2=Wang |first2=Ya-Ling |last3=Xia |first3=Nian-He |last4=Liu |first4=Yang |last5=Liu |first5=Min |last6=Lian |first6=Lian |last7=Li |first7=Na |last8=Li |first8=Ling-Fei |last9=Lang |first9=Xiao-An |last10=Gong |first10=Yi-Qing |last11=Chen |first11=Lu |last12=Wu |first12=Ernest |last13=Zhang |first13=Shou-Zhou |date=2021-04-08 |title=Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications of ''Magnolia'' s.l. (Magnoliaceae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12727 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1111/jse.12727 |s2cid=234277919 |issn=1674-4918}}</ref> However, Yang et al. and Zhao et al. work with phylogenies of the Magnoliaceae that recognize several genera in the Magnolioideae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Lin |last2=Tian |first2=Jinhong |last3=Xu |first3=Liu |last4=Zhao |first4=Xueli |last5=Song |first5=Yuyang |last6=Wang |first6=Dawei |date=2022-08-28 |title=Comparative Chloroplast Genomes of Six Magnoliaceae Species Provide New Insights into Intergeneric Relationships and Phylogeny |journal=Biology |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1279 |doi=10.3390/biology11091279 |doi-access=free |pmid=36138758 |pmc=9495354 |issn=2079-7737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Jianyun |last2=Chen |first2=Hu |last3=Li |first3=Gaiping |last4=Jumaturti |first4=Maimaiti Aisha |last5=Yao |first5=Xiaomin |last6=Hu |first6=Ying |date=2023-11-16 |title=Phylogenetics Study to Compare Chloroplast Genomes in Four Magnoliaceae Species |journal=Current Issues in Molecular Biology |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=9234–9251 |doi=10.3390/cimb45110578 |doi-access=free |pmid=37998755 |pmc=10670740 |issn=1467-3045}}</ref>

=== Consensus and Debates Today ===
Although phylogenetic trees of the Magnoliaceae still include anywhere from 2 to 17 genera, the broad generic concept (where one genus, ''Magnolia'', is in the Magnolioideae) is largely accepted as a practical construction upheld by molecular and morphological evidence.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/> Even as debates over rank persist, monophyletic groups are largely established with opportunities for further research into endangered and extinct species. The family's place as early angiosperms means that research into its taxonomy and evolutionary history contributes to our broader understanding of the evolution of plant life.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

The development of [[DNA]] sequencing at the end of the 20th century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family. The employment of ''ndh''F and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within the Magnoliaceae. For example, the genera ''Magnolia'' and ''Michelia'' were shown to be [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] when the remaining four genera of the Magnolioideae are split out. In fact, even many of the subgenera (''Magnolia'' subg. ''Magnolia'', ''Magnolia'' subg. ''Talauma'') have been found to be paraphyletic. Although no completely resolved [[phylogeny]] for the family has yet been determined, these technological advances have allowed systematists to broadly circumscribe major lineages.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Azuma, H., García-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., and Thien, L. B. | year = 2001 | title = Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 2275–2285 | doi = 10.2307/3558389 | jstor = 3558389 | issue = 12 | pmid = 21669660 | doi-access =  }}</ref>